USA. v. Godinez
| Decision Date | 04 December 2001 |
| Docket Number | DEFENDANT-APPELLANT,PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,RAMOS-GODINE,No. 01-50043,01-50043 |
| Citation | 273 F.3d 820 |
| Parties | (9th Cir. 2001) UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,v. CHRISTIAN |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit |
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California Irma E. Gonzalez, District Judge, Presiding D.C. No. CR-00-01670-IEG
[Copyrighted Material Omitted] Jami L. Ferrara, San Diego, California, for the defendant-appellant.
Brian M. Pearce, Assistant U. S. Attorney, San Diego, California, for the plaintiff-appellee.
Before: Goodwin, Wallace and Thomas, Circuit Judges.
In this appeal we consider, inter alia, whether a brief hiatus in otherwise continuous observation of a deported alien reentering the country is sufficient to establish that the alien was free from official restraint. Under the circumstances presented by this case, we conclude that sufficient evidence exists to support the defendant's conviction for being a deported alien found in the United States in violation of 8 U.S.C.§§ 1326 and affirm the judgment of the district court.
On April 26, 2000, Christian Ramos-Godinez was deported to Mexico. On May 11, 2000, he reentered the United States a few miles west of the Calexico Port of Entry. Border Patrol Agents John Cweika and Marko Kozina were monitoring the so-called "West Checks," an area of open fields where the United States and Mexico are separated by the All-American Canal. The Canal is situated north of the U.S.-Mexico border and flows east-west at the point that Agent Cweika watched through an infrared scope. A dirt "berm" is the actual physical border between the United States and Mexico. The agents were situated approximately 150 yards to a half-mile away from this border, on a field road east of Hammers Road and north of Anza Road. The agents had parked a former ambulance turned into an infrared scope van on the field road and were watching the canal with the scope mounted on top. The infrared scope has a visual range of approximately three to four miles.
While Cweika was operating the infrared scope, at about 5:30 a.m., he saw seven persons cross the dirt "berm" in the direction of the United States. He then watched the group cross the narrow strip of land immediately north of the border and disappear into the All-American Canal. Cweika was unable to monitor the individuals while they were in the canal because his position was actually at a lower ground level than the canal. He had little doubt, however, that the persons that crossed into the United States and entered the canal were the same ones that he saw climb out of the north side of the canal moments later. He had not seen any images on the infrared scope that would indicate that there were others in the area.
As the individuals climbed out of the All-American Canal, Cweika notified his partner, Kozina, that he "had seven bodies" on his screen. Kozina immediately got into his truck to try to apprehend them. Cweika stayed behind and continued to track the group on the infrared scope as they headed north. He watched the group as they entered an abandoned lot, at which point he was unable to see them, due to the large number of objects in the lot. On panning north, he did not observe anyone leaving the lot.
Meanwhile, Kozina drove to the abandoned lot within minutes of seeing the group leave the canal. He parked and encountered three individuals within moments. The other four were apprehended by Agent Michael Olsen, who arrived approximately five minutes after Kozina. Kozina assumed that the three persons he encountered were part of the group of seven that had just crossed the canal. He did not think that the suspects that he and Olsen apprehended were from a different, undetected group.
Of the three men that Kozina encountered in the abandoned lot, one was Ramos-Godinez. Kozina first spoke with the two other men and determined that they were illegally in the United States. When he tried to speak to Ramos-Godinez, he did not respond. Ramos-Godinez walked away from Kozina and did not comply with the agent's orders to stop.
Kozina walked toward Ramos-Godinez and grabbed his arm. Ramos-Godinez responded by grabbing the agent's other arm with his free arm. After the agent had focused on him for about thirty seconds, Ramos-Godinez shouted to the other two men and they began to run. These two men got away from the Border Patrol. Meanwhile, Kozina and Ramos-Godinez continued to wrestle for some period of time, with Kozina striking Ramos-Godinez in the leg with a collapsible steel baton and Ramos-Godinez biting Kozina's right arm. With the assistance of other agents, Ramos-Godinez was eventually subdued.
A computerized inquiry at Ramos-Godinez's booking at the Calexico Border Patrol Station showed that Ramos-Godinez had been deported previously. At booking, Ramos-Godinez waived his Miranda rights and made a statement. Ramos-Godinez admitted that he was a citizen of Mexico with no lawful permission to enter the United States. He also admitted that he had been deported. Ramos-Godinez said that he had crossed the canal in a raft with others.
Border Patrol Agent Mark Hopkins testified in support of the other elements of the "found in" charge, including Ramos-Godinez's Mexican citizenship, his prior deportation, and his lack of permission to re-enter. These facts were admitted by Ramos-Godinez in his post-arrest statement and were not in dispute.
Ramos-Godinez was charged with one count of being a deported alien found in the United States in violation of 8 U.S.C. §§ 1326. Subsequently, the government filed a superseding indictment adding another count, charging assault of a federal officer in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 111(a). After a trial, a jury returned a guilty verdict on both counts. At sentencing, the district court found that Ramos-Godinez was a category V offender with eleven criminal history points. The court sentenced Ramos-Godinez to a custodial term of twenty-seven months as to each count, with the sentences to run concurrently. The court imposed three years of supervised release as to the §§ 1326 conviction and two years as to the §§ 111(a) conviction, with the supervised release periods to run concurrently.
It is a crime for any alien who has been previously deported to enter, attempt to enter, or at any time be found in the United States without the consent of the Attorney General. 8 U.S.C. §§ 1326(a). Ramos-Godinez was charged with being found in the United States in violation of §§ 1326(a). Although Ramos-Godinez was unquestionably within the borders of the United States after deportation, "mere physical presence on United States soil . . . is insufficient to convict him of being found in the United States in violation of 8 U.S.C.§§ 1326." United States v. Ruiz-Lopez, 234 F.3d 445, 448 (9th Cir. 2000) (citing United States v. Pacheco-Medina , 212 F.3d 1162, 1163 (9th Cir. 2000)). To have "entered " the United States under §§ 1326, an alien must not only have crossed our borders, but must be "exercising his free will " while physically present in this country. United States v. MartinPlascencia, 532 F.2d 1316, 1317 (9th Cir. 1976). Accordingly, if an alien enters the United States free from official restraint, he or she has "entered" the country for the purposes of §§ 1326. See Martin-Plascencia, 532 F.2d at 1317. On the other hand, if the alien is not free from official restraint while in our country, the alien has not "entered" the United States as that term is used in §§ 1326. Pacheco-Medina, 212 F.3d at 1163-64. Thus, in order to sustain a conviction under §§ 1326, "the government must also establish that the alien entered the United States free from official restraint at the time officials discovered or apprehended him." Ruiz-Lopez , 234 F.3d at 448. Following this reasoning, we have held that aliens who had not passed secondary inspection had not "entered" the United States because "they were never free from the official restraint of the customs officials" at the port of entry. United States v. Oscar, 496 F.2d 492, 493 (9th Cir. 1974).
The concept of "official restraint" includes continuous surveillance from the border. "Under settled law, a person cannot be said to have been found in the United States, if he was under constant observation by governmental authorities from the moment he set foot in this country until the moment of his arrest." United States v. Castellanos-Garcia, 270 F.3d 773, 775 (9th Cir. Nov. 2, 2001). Thus, in Pacheco-Medina, an alien who was detected scaling a fence at the border by a surveillance camera, spotted as he...
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