Vagts v. Perry Drug Stores, Inc.

• Decision Date: 05 April 1994
• Docket Number: Docket No. 146744
• Citation: 204 Mich.App. 481,516 N.W.2d 102
• Parties: , 9 IER Cases 1720 Betty VAGTS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. PERRY DRUG STORES, INC., Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: Court of Appeal of Michigan — District of US

Page 102

516 N.W.2d 102

204 Mich.App. 481, 9 IER Cases 1720

Betty VAGTS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. PERRY DRUG STORES, INC., Defendant-Appellee.

Docket No. 146744.

Court of Appeals of Michigan.

Submitted Dec. 15, 1993, at Detroit.

Decided April 5, 1994, at 9:15 a.m.

Released for Publication June 10, 1994.

Sachs, Waldman, O'Hare, Helveston, Hodges & Barnes, P.C. by Kathleen L. Bogas, Detroit, for plaintiff.

Dykema Gossett by Joseph A. Ritok, Jr., and Lauren A. Rousseau-Rohl, Detroit, for defendant.

Before HOOD, P.J., and MURPHY and FITZGERALD, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

This is an employment case. Plaintiff appeals as of right from the trial court's dismissal, under MCR 2.116(C)(10), of her claim of constructive discharge in violation of public policy. We affirm, albeit for reasons other than those of the trial court.

Plaintiff worked in defendant's advertising department. She claims that she was repeatedly asked to bill vendors for coupon ads that were not printed until after the coupons had expired and to lie about when the ads had been published. Plaintiff claims that she viewed this as fraud and objected, although she did not refuse to do the billing.

Eventually, plaintiff's co-worker at the advertising department left and plaintiff resigned. Plaintiff alleges that, because defendant claimed that the billing problems were not intentional but were instead due to a backlog, they would surely recur now that her department would be even more shorthanded. She argues that the trial court erred in finding that, taking plaintiff's allegations as true, there was no question of material fact and defendant was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. We agree only in part.

Generally, employment relationships are terminable at will, with or without cause, "at any time for any, or no, reason." Suchodolski v. Michigan Consolidated Gas Co., 412 Mich. 692, 694-695, 316 N.W.2d 710 (1982). "However, an exception has been recognized to that rule, based on the principle that some grounds for discharging an employee are so contrary to public policy as to be actionable." Id. at 695, 316 N.W.2d 710. These grounds are "[m]ost often ... found in explicit legislative statements prohibiting the discharge, discipline, or other adverse treatment of employees who act in accordance with a statutory right or duty." Id. (first exception). "[C]ourts have also occasionally found sufficient legislative expression of policy to imply a cause of action for wrongful termination even in the absence of an explicit prohibition on retaliatory discharges" such as "where the alleged reason for the discharge ... was the [employee's] failure or refusal to violate a law in the course of employment." Id. (second exception). Courts have also "found implied a prohibition on retaliatory discharges when the reason for a discharge was the employee's exercise of a right conferred by a well-established legislative enactment." Id. at 695-696, 316 N.W.2d 710 (third exception).

The first and third forms of public policy claims identified in Suchodolski clearly rely upon a statute for the source of an identifiable public policy. See id. In Suchodolski, for example, the Court found no grounds to imply a cause of action where the employee was discharged for reporting accounting irregularities and mismanagement. For a source of public policy, the employee relied upon the internal code of ethics of the Institute of Internal Auditors and upon the Public Service Commission's "extensive regulation of the accounting systems of public utilities." Id. at 696, 316 N.W.2d 710. The Court found that the "code of ethics of a private association does not establish public policy" and that the PSC's regulation of the industry's accounting practices was "not ... directed at conferring rights on the employees." Id. at 696-697, 316 N.W.2d 710.

We also note that our Supreme Court has probably eliminated the first of the three grounds identified in Suchodolski by holding that a "public policy claim is sustainable ... only where there also is not an applicable statutory prohibition against discharge in retaliation for the conduct at issue." Dudewicz v. Norris-Schmid Inc., 443 Mich. 68, 80, 503 N.W.2d 645 (1993). In other words, where a statute confers upon a victim of retaliation the right to sue, that person may not also assert a claim of discharge in violation of public policy under Suchodolski. See Dudewicz at 78-80, 503 N.W.2d 645; see also Shuttleworth v. Riverside Osteopathic Hosp., 191 Mich.App. 25, 27-28, 477 N.W.2d 453 (1991).

The second form of the exception, however, applies where an employee has been discharged because the employee refused to violate a "law." The term "law" may include those principles promulgated in constitutional provisions, common law, and regulations as well as statutes. Black's Law Dictionary, Unabridged Fifth Edition (1979). Moreover, the Suchodolski Court did not hold a public policy could only be established by a statutory source. Thus, it could be possible for a public policy to be based on principles derived from authoritative sources other than statutes.

With these principles in mind, we find that plaintiff's complaint, as amended, fails to state a claim under any of the three public policy exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine.

With regard to the first exception, assuming without deciding that it survived Dudewicz, the only statute that would arguably prohibit a discharge in a situation such as this one is the Whistleblowers' Protection Act, M.C.L. § 15.361 et seq.; M.S.A. § 17.428(1) et seq. However, plaintiff cannot avail herself of the protection of that statute because: (1) she did not refuse to perform an illegal act, (2) she did not report or threaten to report the illegal activity, and (3) she did not file suit within the statutory period. See M.C.L. § 15.362; M.S.A. § 17.428(2); M.C.L. § 15.363(1); M.S.A. § 17.428(3)(1); see also Shuttleworth, supra at 26-28, 477 N.W.2d 453. Under Dudewicz, she also may not use the statute as a source of public policy to establish a claim under the first Suchodolski exception.

The second form of the exception under Suchodolski is the most applicable to plaintiff's case. Plaintiff claims she was constructively...