Valencia v. Gonzales
| Decision Date | 12 May 2005 |
| Docket Number | No. 03-72028.,03-72028. |
| Citation | 406 F.3d 1154 |
| Parties | Victor B. VALENCIA, Petitioner, v. Alberto R. GONZALES,<SMALL><SUP>*</SUP></SMALL> Attorney General, Respondent. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit |
James Todd Bennett, El Cerrito, CA, for the petitioner.
Peter D. Keisler, Donald E. Keener, Greg D. Mack, Office of Immigration Litigation, Washington, D.C., for the respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals.
Before O'SCANNLAIN, COWEN,** and BEA, Circuit Judges.
Victor Valencia, a native and citizen of Peru, petitions for review from the Board of Immigration Appeals' ("BIA") order summarily affirming the Immigration Judge's ("IJ") order of removal. Valencia was convicted of felony1 unlawful sexual intercourse with a person under 18, who was more than three years younger than he, in violation of California Penal Code section 261.5(c). The IJ found Valencia removable for having committed an aggravated felony under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), holding the crime constituted a crime of violence under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F), which defines a crime of violence pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 16. Our jurisdiction is controlled by 8 U.S.C § 1252. We deny in part and dismiss in part the petition for review.
Valencia also argued that he should have been allowed to apply for an adjustment of status based on his marriage to a United States citizen. Because we conclude that we lack jurisdiction to review the BIA's removal order, we will not consider the merits of this argument.
On May 29, 1997, Valencia pleaded guilty to a felony violation of California Penal Code section 261.5(c). He was sentenced to five years in state prison, but the imposition of his sentence was suspended, and he was placed on five years probation, on the condition that he serve one year in the county jail. At the change of plea hearing, the judge specifically advised, and Valencia acknowledged, that this conviction could be used to deport him.
Valencia was charged in the notice to appear with being removable as an aggravated felon for committing sexual abuse of a minor under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(A), and for committing a crime of violence under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F).
The IJ found Valencia removable as an aggravated felon under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), holding that the crime constituted a crime of violence under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F), as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 16.
The cases deciding whether a violation of California Penal Code § 261.5(c) is an aggravated felony usually decide the case by evaluating whether it constitutes sexual abuse of a minor in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(A).2 But here, the IJ dismissed the 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(A) charge. The government does not cross-appeal such dismissal.
At the hearing on the merits, Valencia sought to apply for an adjustment of status from that of an illegal alien to that of a legal permanent resident based on his marriage to a United States citizen. Having ruled that Valencia's conviction constituted a prior conviction of a crime of violence, the IJ did not determine whether Valencia's conviction also constituted a crime of moral turpitude, thus barring his application for an adjustment of status.
The BIA summarily affirmed the IJ's ruling.
We do not have jurisdiction to review the propriety of any final order of removal against an alien who is ordered removed for having committed an aggravated felony covered in 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii). 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C); Flores-Miramontes v. INS, 212 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir.2000); Aragon-Ayon v. INS, 206 F.3d 847, 849-50 (9th Cir.2000). We do, however, have jurisdiction to consider the limited question whether a crime is an aggravated felony. Cedano-Viera v. Ashcroft, 324 F.3d 1062, 1065 (9th Cir.2003). For the reasons discussed below, we hold that Valencia's crime was an aggravated felony.
Under the "categorical approach" laid out in Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 110 S.Ct. 2143, 109 L.Ed.2d 607 (1990), a violation of section 261.5(c) qualifies as a crime of violence and hence an aggravated felony, "if and only if the full range of conduct covered by it falls within the meaning of that term." United States v. Baron-Medina, 187 F.3d 1144, 1146 (9th Cir.1999) (citation omitted).
Under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) "an alien who is convicted of an aggravated felony at any time is deportable." 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F) defines an aggravated felony as "a crime of violence (as defined in section 16 of Title 18, but not including a purely political offense) for which the term of imprisonment [is] at least one year."
Section 16 of Title 18 in turn defines a crime of violence as:
(a) an offense that has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another, or (b) any other offense that is a felony and that, by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense.
18 U.S.C. § 16 (emphasis added). The "physical force" necessary to constitute a crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. § 16(b) must be violent in nature. Ye v. INS, 214 F.3d 1128, 1133 (9th Cir.2000).
The statute to which Valencia pleaded guilty provided:
Any person who engages in an act of unlawful sexual intercourse with a minor who is more than three years younger than the perpetrator is guilty of either a misdemeanor or a felony, and shall be punished by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or by imprisonment in the state prison.
Cal.Penal Code § 261.5(c) (1997).
Section 261.5(c) does not have "as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of [violent] physical force against the person or property of another." 18 U.S.C. § 16(a). Therefore, under the Taylor categorical approach, we consider whether the "full range of conduct" covered by section 261.5(c), see Baron-Medina, 187 F.3d at 1146, "involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense." 18 U.S.C. § 16(b). We are bound by our precedent to conclude that it is.
In United States v. Granbois, 376 F.3d 993 (9th Cir.2004), this court held that a violation under 18 § U.S.C. 2244(a)(3) was categorically a crime of violence under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a) because it involved the sexual abuse of a minor. Id. at 996. We later followed the holding in United States v. Asberry, 394 F.3d 712, 715-16 (9th Cir. 2005).
In Granbois, the statute at issue defined a crime of violence as:
any offense under federal or state law, punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, that—(1) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another, or (2) is burglary of a dwelling, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a) (emphasis added).
Granbois was convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 2244(a)(3), which provides that it is a crime for a person to have sexual contact with another person who is between the ages of 12 and 15 and is at least four years younger than the perpetrator.
There are two differences between Granbois and our case, but neither appears to be a distinctive difference.
First, Granbois was interpreting the portion of U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a), which defines a crime of violence as one that presents "a serious potential risk of physical injury to another." We are interpreting 18 U.S.C. § 16(b), which defines a crime of violence as one that "by its nature, involves a substantial risk that [violent] physical force against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense."
• Section 4B1.2(a) requires a "serious potential risk"; section 16(b) requires a "substantial risk." On this comparison, the former section would seem to require proof of a lesser risk than the latter; it deals with a "potential risk", rather than a "risk."
• Section 4B1.2(a) requires the risk be of "physical injury to another"; section 16(b) requires that "[violent] physical force against the person or property of another" be used. On this comparison, the former section would seem to require proof of greater damage than the latter; it deals with "physical injury", rather than "[violent] physical force."
Although the proof of culpability under both statutes may differ in another case because of the clear difference in the language of the two statutes, we cannot discern a difference between the two statutes as applied to statutory rape. We caution, however, that the differences between U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a) and 18 U.S.C. § 16(b) might prove to be dispositive in another case.3
The second difference is that in Granbois, the victim was at most 15, and here the victim was at most 17. Although there is clearly a difference between a 15 year-old and a 17 year-old, once again we cannot say it is a meaningful difference in this case where the statutes condemn an actor who creates a risk of physical injury or violent physical force. At either age, a young person is similarly in need of protection against such risks.
Therefore, we are bound by Granbois and must follow it. See Montana v. Johnson, 738 F.2d 1074, 1077 (9th Cir.1984) (); see also United States v. Velazquez-Overa, 100 F.3d 418, 422 (5th Cir.1996) (). We therefore deny Valencia's petition on this issue.
Given that petitioner was removable for having committed an aggravated felony, we lack jurisdiction to consider the second issue Valencia raises of whether his conviction also constituted a crime of moral turpitude...
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