Valerio v. American President Lines

• Decision Date: 15 October 1952
• Citation: 112 F. Supp. 202
• Parties: VALERIO et al. v. AMERICAN PRESIDENT LINES, Limited et al.
• Court: U.S. District Court — Southern District of New York

112 F. Supp. 202

VALERIO et al. v. AMERICAN PRESIDENT LINES, Limited et al.

United States District Court S. D. New York.

October 15, 1952.

Samuel P. Fensterstock, New York City, for libellants.

Dow & Symmers, New York City, by Edwin K. Reid, New York City, for respondent.

Galli & Locker, New York City, by Royce A. Wilson, New York City, for respondent-impleaded.

BONDY, District Judge.

This is a libel to recover damages for personal injuries alleged to have been suffered by libellants while discharging cargo from the S. S. Mount Mansfield operated and controlled by respondent American President Lines, Ltd. The libel alleges that the injuries were caused by the unseaworthiness of the vessel and the negligence of the respondent. Respondent impleaded the Nacirema Operating Co., libellants' employer at the time the alleged injuries were sustained.

In the afternoon of August 18, 1948, at Pier 10 Staten Island, N. Y., the impleaded-respondent Nacirema Operating Co., pursuant to its contract with respondent, discharged from the Mount Mansfield's upper `tween-deck space of No. 1 hatch about 170 drums of cashew nut shell oil, 12 drums of chaulmoogra oil and 9 drums of citronella oil.

Libellants Kulakowski and Liquori and six other persons working in the upper `tween-deck space of the No. 1 hatch rolled the drums to the square of the hatch and attached hooks to each draft consisting of six drums. Libellant Cupo was at the No. 1 hatch on the main deck. Upon signals given by him, the drafts were raised from the hold and placed on the dock. When the hooks were returned to the hatch, Cupo would grab them and assist in guiding them into the hatch. On the pier alongside the No. 1 hatch, libellant Valerio released the hooks from the drums and the drums were taken several hundred feet to the river end of the pier, where libellant Russo placed them in tiers. The oil had leaked around the drums on to the deck and the hooks. Within a few days of the unloading, all libellants developed dermatitis due to contact with cashew shell oil. They received medical treatment and were unable to work for some time. Kulakowski, the most seriously affected, received treatment including X-ray therapy twenty-five weeks. He suffered a rash on his legs, arms, face and ears, and an irritating itch.

When the case was called for trial, respondent settled libellants' claims against it for $4,000, divided as follows: Kulakowski $2,400 (less $280 paid on account of adjustment of the compensation lien); Cupo $500; Russo $500; Liquori $300; and Valerio $300.

Accordingly the issue before the court is whether the respondent is entitled to be indemnified by Nacirema.

Respondent's liability to libellants Kulakowski, Liquori and Cupo, who handled the drums or equipment on the ship, can not be questioned. In Anderson v. Lorentzen, 2 Cir., 1947, 160 F.2d 173, which likewise involved cashew oil, it was held that the owner of the ship was under a duty not only to provide libellants with a seaworthy ship upon which to work, but also to provide them as business invitees with a reasonably safe place to work and to warn them of the dangers of handling cashew nut shell liquid. This duty of the shipowner was held to be nondelegable and the shipowner was held liable to the longshoremen notwithstanding any concurrent duty on the part of a stevedoring company.

Valerio and Russo became infected while working on the dock. Valerio handled not only the drums but also the hooks which, whether supplied by the ship or contractor, constituted a part of the ship's discharging equipment which the ship was required to maintain seaworthy and the oil on which rendered the ship unseaworthy. Both were engaged in unloading cargo under a contract between the shipowner and the employer of the libellants which expressly provided for the sorting and stacking of the cargo man high on the pier upon the discharge of the vessel, and for tiering above man high upon the discharge at extra cost. Both were engaged in the maritime service of unloading the ship and were injured by contact with cargo known to be hazardous and requiring special precaution. See Strika v. Netherlands Ministry of Traffic, 2 Cir., 1950, 185 F.2d 555, 64 Harvard L.Rev. 996, 46 U.S.C.A. § 740, and accordingly the shipowner is also liable to them.

The record does not disclose any negligence on the part of any of the libellants other than Kulakowski. He was the only libellant who knew before the unloading began that the drums contained cashew oil. He also knew of the existence of precautionary measures. In June, 1948, he had contracted dermatitis in a mild form and of short duration. However, it does not appear that he was aware of the serious consequences of handling the cargo without preventives. The court considers the respondent's settlement with Kulakowski reasonable, taking into consideration the nature of his injuries, the pain he suffered, the duration of his disability as well as the negligence on his part. The settlements with the other libellants are likewise considered reasonable.

Respondent claims that Nacirema breached its contract with respondent in failing to warn, to provide proper supervision, and furnish gloves and salves to its employees, and that this breach of contract was the primary cause of libellants' injuries, giving rise to the right of full indemnity from Nacirema for the loss which it sustained.

The contract expressly listed the equipment to be supplied by the ship and provided that Nacirema is to supply all other cargo handling gear and equipment needed for efficient stevedoring work, and to provide all necessary stevedoring labor and such stevedoring supervision as are needed for the proper and efficient conduct of the work.

The general superintendent of Nacirema testified that both parties considered warning and the furnishing of salves and gloves to be the job of Nacirema and not of respondent. The...