Vasquez v. Lockhart

• Decision Date: 14 December 1988
• Docket Number: No. 87-2571,87-2571
• Citation: 867 F.2d 1056
• Parties: Miguel Angel VASQUEZ, Appellant, v. A.L. LOCKHART, Director, Arkansas Department of Corrections, Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

Page 1056

867 F.2d 1056

Miguel Angel VASQUEZ, Appellant, v. A.L. LOCKHART, Director, Arkansas Department of Corrections, Appellee.

No. 87-2571.

United States Court of Appeals,

Eighth Circuit.

Submitted June 14, 1988.

Decided Oct. 31, 1988.

Petition for Rehearing Denied

Dec. 14, 1988.

Lynley Arnett, AAG, Little Rock, Ark., for appellee.

Robert L. Baker, Little Rock, Ark., for appellant.

Before JOHN R. GIBSON and BOWMAN, Circuit Judges, and STUART, Senior District Judge. ^*

BOWMAN, Circuit Judge.

Miguel Angel Vasquez appeals the District Court's ¹ dismissal of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2254. Vasquez contends that the Court below erred in refusing to consider the merits of his ineffective assistance of counsel claim and in dismissing his claims based on insufficiency of the evidence and denial of his right to effective cross-examination of an adverse witness. We affirm.

Vasquez, a Mexican national, was convicted of first degree murder in 1985 by a jury in the Circuit Court of Pulaski County, Arkansas. The Arkansas Supreme Court affirmed his conviction on direct appeal. Vasquez v. State, 287 Ark. 468, 701 S.W.2d 357 (1985). In 1986, Vasquez filed a pro se petition for post-conviction relief under Ark.R.Crim.P. 37, which the Arkansas Supreme Court denied. Vasquez v. State, No. CR 85-107 (Ark.Sup.Ct. Nov. 17, 1986) (per curiam). Vasquez did not allege ineffective assistance of counsel either on direct appeal or in that collateral proceeding. ²

Vasquez filed the instant pro se habeas petition with the District Court, alleging (1) that he received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial and on direct appeal; (2) that the evidence at trial was insufficient; and (3) that he was denied his right to cross-examine effectively the principal witness for the state. The District Court declined to appoint counsel or hold an evidentiary hearing, and denied relief. Vasquez v. Lockhart, No. PB-C-87-334 (E.D.Ark. Oct. 9, 1987). We appointed counsel for purposes of this appeal. Vasquez asserts on appeal that his failure to include his ineffective assistance claim in his pro se petition for state post-conviction relief does not procedurally bar its consideration in federal court, and that he is entitled to relief on his claims of insufficiency of the evidence and right to effective cross-examination.

I.

Vasquez argues that the District Court erred in applying the cause and prejudice test of Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 97 S.Ct. 2497, 53 L.Ed.2d 594 (1977), to conclude that it was procedurally barred from reviewing his ineffective assistance claim. Vasquez cites Knott v. Mabry, 671 F.2d 1208 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 851, 103 S.Ct. 115, 74 L.Ed.2d 101 (1982), to support his assertion that the "deliberate bypass" test of Fay v. Noia, 372 U.S. 391, 83 S.Ct. 822, 9 L.Ed.2d 837 (1963), should apply instead because of his pro se status in the state post-conviction proceedings. We disagree.

Since this Court's decision in Knott, the Supreme Court in Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 106 S.Ct. 2639, 91 L.Ed.2d 397 (1986), held that the Wainwright cause and prejudice test applies to cases in which counsel failed to raise particular claims in a state appeal when that failure is treated as a procedural default by the state courts. In the wake of Murray, this Court recently applied the Wainwright cause and prejudice test to a case in which a federal habeas petitioner had failed to file a pro se state post-conviction petition within the statutory time limit. Smittie v. Lockhart, 843 F.2d 295 (8th Cir.1988). The Smittie case is in accord with post-Murray decisions of other circuits, and manifests the trend toward wider application of the Wainwright cause and prejudice test. See Hughes v. Idaho State Board of Corrections, 800 F.2d 905, 908 (9th Cir.1986); see also Alexander v. Dugger, 841 F.2d 371, 374 n. 3 (11th Cir.1988). We follow Smittie and hold that the District Court properly applied the Wainwright test to determine whether Vasquez's failure to include his ineffective assistance of counsel claim in his Arkansas Rule 37 petition operates as a procedural bar to federal consideration of that issue. ³

We further conclude that the District Court properly held that Vasquez's pro se status and lack of familiarity with the American language and court system do not constitute cause under the Wainwright standard. See Smittie, 843 F.2d at 298 (petitioner's "pro se status and [limited] educational background are not sufficient cause for failing to pursue state-court remedies."); Hughes, 800 F.2d at 909. Vasquez's ineffective assistance claim therefore is procedurally barred under Wainwright v. Sykes, and the District Court properly declined to consider it. ⁴

II.

Vasquez asserts that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979), instructs us to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether "any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." Id. at 319, 99 S.Ct. at 2789. We have reviewed the trial transcript and we affirm without further comment the District Court's determination that the Jackson test is met in this case.

III.

Finally, Vasquez asserts that his trial was fundamentally unfair because the State's principal witness provided unresponsive answers to questions on cross-examination. Specifically, Vasquez contends that he was prevented from effectively cross-examining Mrs. Elsie Hicks, the victim's mother. Hicks, who is hard of hearing and approaching 80 years of age, had apparently told the police shortly after the crime that she had not seen Vasquez actually stab her daughter. At trial, however, Hicks testified on direct examination that she did see Vasquez stab her daughter. On cross-examination, the following exchange took place:

Q On page two of the statement [to the police] the question was made to you, "Did you see him hit her with that knife?" And your response was, "No. When he had the knife and I said don't you do that, you know, that's when I seen he was going to try to stab her." But you didn't see him stab her. Is that what--

A Yeah, but I seen him draw back and look at me wanting me to get away.

Tr. at 169-170.

After Hicks testified on redirect that she was "sure" she saw Vasquez stab her daughter, defense counsel initiated the following dialogue on recross:

Q Mrs. Hicks, you don't remember what you told the police that morning do you after this happened? In your response to the police's questions you said no you didn't [see Vasquez stab the victim]?

A See, we went to headquarters and there's where the police questioned me what happened, you know, and I told them I would tell them the truth about what happened and tell everything that I remembered happened.

Q But you don't remember saying to them that you did not see him stab her, do you?

A Yeah, I seen him stab Wanda. Right in here. He had a knife and twisting it and made a big hole

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Your honor--

A --bored a big hole in her chest and he stuck her right here somewhere in the neck the thorax and she died from a stab wound to the thorax.

[THE COURT]: Did you want to say something?

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I just wanted to say, your Honor, that the response was not to my question.

[THE COURT]: Overruled.

Tr. at 182-183.

We agree with the District Court that the...