Vicory v. State

• Citation: 315 N.E.2d 715,262 Ind. 376
• Decision Date: 13 September 1974
• Docket Number: No. 973S185,973S185
• Parties: Robert L. VICORY, Appellant (Defendant Below), STATE of Indiana, Appellee (Plaintiff Below).
• Court: Supreme Court of Indiana

Page 715

315 N.E.2d 715

262 Ind. 376

Robert L. VICORY, Appellant (Defendant Below),

STATE of Indiana, Appellee (Plaintiff Below).

No. 973S185.

Supreme Court of Indiana.

Sept. 13, 1974.

Robert Howard Brown, William G. Smock, Terre Haute, for appellant.

Theodore L. Sendak, Atty. Gen., Wesley T. Wilson, Deputy Atty. Gen., Indianapolis, for appellee.

GIVAN, Justice.

The appellant was charged by affidavit in two counts: Count One, kidnapping; Count two, rape. Trial by jury resulted in a verdict of guilty on both counts. Appellant was sentenced to life imprisonment for kidnapping and for imprisonment from two to twenty-one years for rape.

The issues in this case are: 1) Did the trial court commit reversible error in allowing the prosecuting witness to identify the appellant as her attacker over appellant's objection that her in-court identification was tainted by improper pre-trial identification procedures. 2) Was the verdict of the jury supported by sufficient evidence. 3) Did the trial court commit error in amending one of appellant's instructions over appellant's objection.

We affirm the trial court.

The record in this case discloses the following facts:

On September 29, 1972, the prosecuting witness, who was a fourteen-year old high school girl, was forced into a car at gunpoint in Clinton, Indiana, at about twenty minutes 'til twelve noon. The kidnapper drove with the girl through the town of Clinton and out onto a county road. While driving on a blacktop rural highway at approximately sixty miles an hour, the kidnapper fired the pistol which he was holding, after which he remarked, 'Look what I did to my brother's car.'

The victim stated that she then observed a bullet hole in the dash of the automobile.

The kidnapper then drove to an unpaved country lane where he forcibly disrobed the victim and raped her. He then permitted her to dress, drove her back to Clinton and released her from the automobile.

She was taken almost immediately by her father to the police station where she gave a detailed description of her assailant and the automobile which he used. She also stated that the gun which her assailant was using was gold-plated.

On November 9, 1972, police officers had occasion to question the appellant as a result of a domestic quarrel and in the course of their questioning discovered that he was the owner of a gold-plated gun. Further investigation led them to believe that he had committed the kidnapping and the rape.

The police showed the victim the gold-plated gun and took her to view an automobile which was registered in appellant's wife's name. The car fit the description by the victim of her assailant's car. She identified the vehicle as the one in which she had been raped and pointed out the bullet hole in the dash board, which she had mentioned previously. In the trunk of the car, which was opened by appellant's wife for police officers, there was a two foot square box containing various colored wires protruding from it, which was identified by the victim as a box which she had seen in the back seat of her assailant's car at the time of the attack and which she had mentioned to police at the time of her initial statement to them.

The victim was then taken to the jail where she was first shown a picture of the appellant, which she identified as a picture of her assailant. She was then taken to see the appellant in a jail cell and again identified him as her assailant.

Appellant first claims the trial court committed reversible error in permitting the victim to give in-court identification of the appellant, claiming that such in-court identification was tainted by the improper pre-trial identification procedures.

Appellant is correct in his observation that the pre-trial identification was improper. The United States Supreme Court has stated in several cases, including United States v. Wade, (1967) 388 U.S. 218, 87 S.Ct. 1926, 18 L.Ed.2d 1149, their departure from the original rule that the manner of an extra-judicial identification affects only the weight, but not the admissibility of identifying testimony at the trial. In these recent cases the Court has adopted the principle of law that in-court identification must not be tainted by prior extra-judicial identifications where the accused has been singled out by authorities and a strong suggestion made to the witness that he is the person who committed the crime. Certainly, in the case at bar the conduct of the officers gave rise to such a suggestion as to appellant's identity. However, following the decision in Wade and related cases, the United States Supreme Court decided the case of Simmons v. United States (1968), 390 U.S. 377, 88 S.Ct. 967, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247. In the Simmons case the Court first reviewed its prior holdings regarding identification and then stated:

'Despite the hazards of initial identification by photograph, this procedure has been used widely and effectively in criminal law enforcement, from the standpoint both of apprehending offenders and of sparing innocent suspects the ignominy of arrest by allowing eye-witnesses to exonerate them through scrutiny of photographs. The danger that use of the technique may result in convictions based on misidentification may be substantially lessened by a course of cross-examination at trial which exposes to the jury the method's potential for error. We are unwilling to prohibit its employment, either in the exercise of our supervisory power or, still less, as a matter of constitutional requirement. Instead, we hold that each case must be considered on its own facts, and that convictions based on eyewitness identification at trial following a pretrial identification by photograph will be set aside on that ground only if the photographic identification procedure...