Villamar v. U.S.

• Decision Date: 02 June 1981
• Docket Number: No. 1031,D,1031
• Citation: 651 F.2d 116
• Parties: Petition for Naturalization of Bolivar Milton VILLAMAR, Petitioner-Appellee, v. UNITED STATES of America, Respondent-Appellant. ocket 80-6375.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit

Page 116

651 F.2d 116

Petition for Naturalization of Bolivar Milton VILLAMAR, Petitioner-Appellee, v. UNITED STATES of America, Respondent-Appellant.

No. 1031, Docket 80-6375.

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Argued April 3, 1981.

Decided June 2, 1981.

Esther Milsted, New York City, for petitioner-appellee.

Michael D. Patrick, Sp. Asst. U. S. Atty., New York City, (John S. Martin, Jr., U. S. Atty., S. D. N. Y., Thomas H. Belote, Sp. Asst. U. S. Atty., William J. Hibsher, Asst. U. S. Atty., New York City, of counsel), for respondent-appellant.

Before FEINBERG, Chief Judge, VAN GRAAFEILAND, Circuit Judge, and MALETZ, Judge, United States Court of International Trade. ^*

MALETZ, Judge:

The United States appeals from a decision of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, Inzer B. Wyatt, J., granting appellee's petition for naturalization because he was exempted from compulsory military service from October 7, 1943 to March 13, 1945, by virtue of his status as a neutral alien.

The facts are not in dispute. Appellee was born in Ecuador on August 22, 1909 and is a citizen of that country. He was admitted to the United States on September 24, 1929 and has been a lawful permanent resident since then. On July 17, 1941, appellee registered with the Selective Service System and due to his alienage was automatically classified as IV-C until November 10, 1942. ¹ From November 10, 1942 until October 7, 1943, with the exception of a four month period during which he was classified as III-A, ² appellee was classified I-A (available for military service).

On October 7, 1943, appellee applied for relief from military service on the ground that he was an alien. On that same day Selective Service determined that appellee was a citizen of a neutral country and reclassified him as IV-C (alien unavailable for military service). ³ Subsequently, on March 13, 1945, appellee was reclassified I-A and ordered to report for induction since Ecuador was no longer a neutral country but rather a cobelligerent. His induction was postponed, however, and on June 5, 1945 he was deemed by Selective Service to be a person engaged in an activity in support of the national health, safety or interest and was classified as II-A. ⁴ On September 20, 1945, he was classified as IV-A (overage for service). ⁵

On December 29, 1978, appellee filed a petition for naturalization in the District Court, which was granted on October 29, 1980 over the adverse recommendation of the naturalization examiner. This appeal followed.

We note at the outset that although appellee received his exemption as an alien pursuant to section 3(a) of the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, ⁶ his eligibility for citizenship is to be determined in accordance with section 315(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, 8 U.S.C. § 1426(a), ⁷ which provides that

any alien who applies or has applied for exemption or discharge from training or service in the Armed Forces or in the National Security Training Corps of the United States on the ground that he is an alien, and is or was relieved or discharged from such training or service on such ground, shall be permanently ineligible to become a citizen of the United States.

Section 315(a) contains

a two-pronged prerequisite for the loss of eligibility for United States citizenship. The alien must be one who "applies or has applied for exemption or discharge" from military service and "is or was relieved or discharged" from that service.

Astrup v. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 402 U.S. 509, 512-513, 91 S.Ct. 1583, 1585-1586, 29 L.Ed.2d 68 (1971).

In the present case, the District Court concluded that section 315(a) requires that an alien be completely and effectively relieved from military service in order to be barred from citizenship and that since appellee had not been so relieved, his citizenship was not precluded. Appellant disagrees and urges us to find that appellee was sufficiently relieved from service so as to make him ineligible for citizenship.

Thus, the sole issue here is whether appellee was "relieved" from military service within the meaning of section 315(a) so as to be barred from citizenship.

Facts quite similar to those present here were considered by this court in United States v. Hoellger, 273 F.2d 760 (2d Cir. 1960). That case concerned the naturalization petition of an alien who had been exempt from military service by virtue of a treaty between Germany and the United States. The treaty was abrogated whereupon the alien was reclassified I-A and inducted into the armed forces. In Hoellger, as here, the government relied on section 315(a) and argued that the alien was barred from citizenship because he had been partially relieved from military service. The court rejected this argument and concluded that when Congress used the words in section 315(a) "relieved ... from ... service" it meant "effectively relieved." 273 F.2d at 762. (Emphasis in original.) Thus, in Hoellger, a partial or temporary disqualification from compulsory military service was found insufficient to establish a bar to citizenship.

The Hoellger court's analysis of section 315(a) was confirmed by the Supreme Court in Astrup v. Immigration and Naturalization Service, supra. At issue in Astrup was whether section 315(a) mandated denial of citizenship to an alien who had been exempted from military service by virtue of his alienage but later lost his exemption when Congress repealed the statutory provision under which he was exempted. The court held that the alien's temporary relief from military service did not debar him from citizenship, stating (402 U.S. at 513-4, 91 S.Ct. at 1585-6):

We think that Congress used the words "is or was relieved" (in section 315(a)) to provide that an alien who requests exemption from the military service be held to his agreement to relinquish all claims to naturalized citizenship only when the Government abides by its part of the agreement and completely exempts him from service in our armed forces. (Emphasis in original.)

Astrup also established that an alien who loses his IV-C classification but is not actually inducted into military service because of intervening circumstances is nevertheless eligible for citizenship. Specifically rejecting any requirement of actual service, the Court observed (402 U.S. at 513, 91 S.Ct. at 1585):

Other courts have distinguished the Hoellger holding from the situation where an alien is once relieved from military service but later reclassified for service which he never performs because of intervening circumstances such as physical unfitness. See Lapenieks v. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 389 F.2d 343 (1968); United States v. Hoellger, supra, at 762 n. 2. However, there is nothing in the language of § 315 which leads us to believe that Congress intended such harsh and bizarre consequences to flow from an individual's failure to pass a physical examination.

The decisions in Astrup and Hoellger strongly support the District Court's conclusion in the present case that appellee was not completely relieved from military service and is therefore eligible for citizenship. Appellant stresses, however, that here unlike the situation in Astrup and Hoellger the loss of appellee's military exemption was caused not by affirmative government conduct, but rather by Ecuador's termination of its neutral status in 1945. This fact, and this fact alone, appellant emphasizes, distinguishes this case from Astrup where Congress affirmatively repealed the statutory basis of the alien's exemption and from Hoellger where the United States affirmatively abrogated the treaty providing for the alien's exemption. In effect, appellant asks us to hold that Astrup's requirement that an alien be permanently exempted from military service before he is barred from citizenship is applicable only if the government affirmatively terminates the alien's exemption and thereby breaks its agreement. Appellee's relief from service for as long as he was a neutral alien, the argument proceeds, constituted complete relief as required by Astrup and therefore kept the government's part of the bargain.

We cannot agree. As we view the agreement embodied in section 315(a), the government's part of the bargain is a permanent exemption of appellee from compulsory service as opposed to an exemption for only so long as he remained a neutral alien. Stated otherwise, we do not believe that appellee's relief from service for merely as long as he was a neutral alien suffices to establish the complete relief required by Astrup and Hoellger. Relevant is Petition of Caputo, 118 F.Supp. 870 (E.D.N.Y.1954), where an enemy alien who was a citizen of Italy lost his exemption from service upon the end of this country's war with Italy and was reclassified I-A. The court held that the alien was not barred from naturalization since he "was not ... relieved (from service) but was classified ... (I-A), and his permanent ineligibility to citizenship therefore has not been demonstrated." 118 F.Supp. at 872. The same result was reached in In Re Kadich, 221 F.Supp. 353 (S.D.N.Y.1963), where an alien lost his IV-C classification upon Selective Service's determination that his native country Yugoslavia was a cobelligerent nation. The court held (id. at 355) that the alien was not debarred from citizenship because:

The exemption was first given, then taken away. The two-pronged condition of permanent ineligibility for citizenship was not really satisfied.

We recognize that the Fifth and Ninth Circuits have held that the government's part of the bargain under section 315(a) is satisfied by an exemption lasting for merely so long as the alien's country remains neutral. See Assi v. United States, 498 F.2d 1064 (5th Cir. 1974) and Colombo v. United States, 531 F.2d 943 (9th Cir. 1975). However, in our view those cases are not consistent with Astrup. For the result w...