Vogtle v. Coleman

• Court: Georgia Supreme Court
• Writing for the Court: HUNT
• Citation: Vogtle v. Coleman, 259 Ga. 115, 376 S.E.2d 861 (Ga. 1989)
• Decision Date: 02 March 1989
• Docket Number: Nos. 46074,46076,s. 46074
• Parties: Alvin W. VOGTLE, Jr. v. Woodrow COLEMAN. Woodrow COLEMAN v. Alvin W. VOGTLE, Jr.

Page 861

376 S.E.2d 861

259 Ga. 115

Alvin W. VOGTLE, Jr. v. Woodrow COLEMAN.

Woodrow COLEMAN v. Alvin W. VOGTLE, Jr.

Nos. 46074, 46076.

Supreme Court of Georgia.

March 2, 1989.

Reconsideration Denied March 30, 1989.

George J. Polatty, Jr., Polatty & Sullivan, Roswell, Kirk M. McAlpin, Savannah, for Woodrow Coleman.

William Lewis Spearman, Spearman, Dunham, & Gaughen, John J. Dalton, Troutman, Sanders, Lockerman & Ashmore, Atlanta, for Alvin W. Vogtle, Jr.

HUNT, Justice.

Vogtle appealed to the Court of Appeals from the jury's award of $35,000 to Coleman for abusive litigation and from the trial court's award of $33,254.60 in attorney fees under OCGA § 9-15-14. The Court of Appeals affirmed the award for damages, but reversed the award for attorney fees. Vogtle v. Coleman, 188 Ga.App. 159, 372 S.E.2d 642 (1988). This court granted certiorari on both parties' applications.

In June 1983, Anne Bloomer and others filed suit against Vogtle alleging he had put a fence across a public access that ran across his property to a cemetery and also had allowed his horses to trespass there, damaging some of the grave sites. Vogtle, whose property bordered three sides of the cemetery, added Coleman as a defendant. Coleman's property, while contiguous to Vogtle's, bordered the fourth, north side of the cemetery, but was separated from the cemetery by an old logging road. After much delay, the case was proceeding to trial in 1986, when Coleman filed a cross-claim against Vogtle alleging slander of title and malicious abuse of process for cross-claiming against him. The trial court entered a settlement order dismissing the plaintiffs' claim with prejudice in favor of both Coleman and Vogtle. Coleman then amended his cross-claim, substituting claims against Vogtle for abusive litigation and for attorney fees under OCGA § 9-15-14. At a pre-trial conference, Coleman elected to pursue damages for wounded feelings under OCGA § 51-12-6.

The trial court directed a verdict of liability for abusive litigation in favor of Coleman; then gave the case to the jury, which awarded Coleman damages. The trial court granted Coleman attorney fees under §§ 9-15-14 and 13-6-11 for having to prosecute the Yost issues, but did not award him any attorney fees for defending the underlying action.

1. The trial court correctly allowed Coleman to pursue injuries to peace and feelings under Yost v. Torok, 256 Ga. 92, 95, 344 S.E.2d 414 (1986). There we said:

we have outlined ... other elements of recovery, specifically: special damages other than attorney fees and expenses of litigation; DAMAGES FOR MENTAL DISTRESS, where there is either wilfulness, or wanton and reckless disregard of consequences which is the equivalent of wilfulness (see Hamilton v. Powell, Goldstein, Frazer & Murphy, 252 Ga. 149 (311 SE2d 818) (1984)); or nominal damages pursuant to OCGA § 51-12-4. [Emphasis in original, capitalization added.]

In a footnote, it was pointed out that "[p]unitive damages [under OCGA § 51-12-5], however, are excluded, as the tort itself is designed as a deterrent." Thus, under Yost, damages for mental distress are permitted and the plaintiff-in-Yost, may, as did Coleman in this case, elect under Stepperson v. Long, 256 Ga. 838, 353 S.E.2d 461 (1987), to forego actual damages, whether general, special or nominal, and pursue damages for injury to peace, happiness or feelings, as provided in OCGA § 51-12-6. The Court of Appeals properly affirmed the award of damages under this code section in Case No. 46074.

2. Under OCGA § 9-15-14(a), "reasonable and necessary attorney's fees and expenses of litigation" may be awarded against a party who has asserted a "claim, defense or other position which is first raised in the action on or after July 1, 1986." [Emphasis supplied.] The trial court, reasoning that the claim for attorney fees was made after the applicable date of the statute, made such an award. The Court of Appeals reversed, holding that attorney fees were not available under the statute because the "position" giving rise to Coleman's claim for attorney fees arose in 1983 when Vogtle brought him into the suit, and was not "first raised" after July 1, 1986, as required by the statute. The Court of Appeals correctly held that attorney fees are not available in this case under OCGA § 9-15-14.

3. Relying on Ferguson v. City of Doraville, 186 Ga.App. 430, 367 S.E.2d 551 (1988), cert. denied, the Court of Appeals also held that attorney fees were not otherwise available under "existing principles of law," as set out in Yost, supra, 256 Ga. at 96, 344 S.E.2d 414. See also, Easley v. Clement, 187 Ga.App. 799, 801, 371 S.E.2d 416 (1988), affirmed in part, reversed in part, 259 Ga. 107, 376 S.E.2d 860 (1989); Wilson v. Cotton States Mutual Ins. Co., 183 Ga.App. 353, 356, 358 S.E.2d 874 (1987), cert. denied.

The American rule has been that expenses for defending a suit are generally unavailable unless authorized by a specific statute. 1 Harper, James & Gray, The Law of Torts § 4.8 (2d ed. 1986). In Georgia, OCGA § 13-6-11 ¹ provides for bad faith damages to plaintiffs for having to resort to litigation, but no such provision is available to defendants. ² E.g., Busbee v. Sellers, 71 Ga.App. 26, 29 S.E.2d 710 (1944). In Ferguson, supra, 186 Ga.App. at 433, 367 S.E.2d 551, the Court of Appeals, in considering whether "existing principles of law" allowed for the award of attorney fees under Yost, stated:

pre-existing law avails the defendants in the present case very little, because prior to the effective date of OCGA § 9-15-14, the general recoverability of expenses of litigation (including attorney fees) in civil actions was governed by OCGA § 13-6-11, which was not available to a defendant in the absence of a "viable independent counterclaim asserting [a] claim for relief independent of the assertion of the [plaintiff's] harassment, litigiousness and bad faith in bringing ... suit." Fla. Rock Indus. v. Smith, 163 Ga.App. 361, 363(3), 294 S.E.2d 553 (1982).

It is true that under the law as it existed at the time of Yost, a defendant could not counterclaim against a plaintiff for bad faith and attorney fees under OCGA § 13-6-11 merely for bringing the suit, except as a plaintiff-in-counterclaim where the counterclaim was on an independent ground. E.g., Hudgins & Co., Inc. v. Cole, 247 Ga. 182, 184, 274 S.E.2d 462 (1981); Ballenger Corp. v. Dresco Mechanical Contractors, Inc., 156 Ga.App. 425, 432, 274 S.E.2d 786 (1980). The reason was aptly summarized in Ballenger Corp. v. Dresco Mechanical Contractors, Inc., supra, 156 Ga.App. at 432, 274 S.E.2d 786:

[A] defendant cannot recover in a given lawsuit the expenses of defending that suit. Such a holding would undermine the existence of the malicious use of legal process cause of action. [Emphasis supplied.]

Thus, although bad faith expenses were not available to defendants or defendants-in-counterclaim, they were not allowed for the reason that a suit for malicious use of process ³ had to be filed as an independent suit. ⁴

Yost changed all that. Under Yost, such claims are to be brought as compulsory counterclaims rather than independent suits for the purpose of adjudicating in one lawsuit any claims for abusive litigation and awarding damages for them, if appropriate. In addition, the Court of Appeals has recognized that the Yost standards for abusive litigation, rather than the narrow standards for malicious use and abuse of process are to be applied in cases pending when Yost was decided. ⁵ Ostroff v. Coyner, 187 Ga.App. 109(3), 369 S.E.2d 298 (1988); ⁶ Guernsey Petroleum Corp. v. Data General Corp., 183 Ga.App. 790, 359 S.E.2d 920 (1987). Thus, a Yost claim, like its predecessors, malicious use and abuse of process, is an independent claim for damages, but it must be asserted as a compulsory counterclaim without regard to whether the claimant is the plaintiff or the defendant in the original suit. Yost v. Torok, supra, 256 Ga. at 96, 344 S.E.2d 414.

Under the decisions cited above, then the Yost plaintiff may seek OCGA § 13-6-11 damages for bringing his independent Yost counterclaim. Once other damages are shown ⁷ (see Div. 1, supra), attorney fees and expenses of litigation may be awarded under "existing principles of law" under OCGA § 13-6-11 as predated the passage and effective date of OCGA § 9-15-14.

It follows that the trial court correctly was entitled to seek Coleman these expenses for prosecuting his Yost claim. Vogtle's right to a jury trial under OCGA § 13-6-11, was waived, as we view the record, and the trial court's award was supported by the evidence. The ruling by the Court of Appeals which disallowed such a recovery must be reversed. ⁸

Judgment in Case No. 46074 affirmed; judgment in Case No. 46076 reversed.

All the Justices concur.

1 OCGA § 13-6-11 provides:

[t]he expenses of litigation generally shall not be allowed as a part of the damages; ... where the defendant has acted in bad faith in making the contract, has been stubbornly litigious, or has caused the plaintiff unnecessary trouble and expense, the jury may allow them.

2 While OCGA § 13-6-11 appears in the contracts section of our code, it has been universally applied where the underlying suit is not in contract. E.g., Clayton v. Deverell, 257 Ga. 653(5), 362 S.E.2d 364 (1987); Ponce de Leon v. DiGirolamo, 238 Ga. 188(2), 232 S.E.2d 62 (1977); Williams v. Harris, 207 Ga. 576, 63 S.E.2d 386 (1951); Mosely v. Sanders, 76 Ga. 293 (1886).

3 This holding, though widely accepted, is curious for the reason that under...