Walberg v. St. Francis Home, Inc.

Decision Date02 June 2005
Docket NumberNo. 2003AP2164.,2003AP2164.
Citation697 N.W.2d 36,281 Wis.2d 99,2005 WI 64
PartiesJulie Ann WALBERG, as Special Administrator for the Estate of Lucille Genevieve Yox, Deceased, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. ST. FRANCIS HOME, INC. and Catholic Charities Bureau, Inc., Defendants-Respondents-Petitioners.
CourtWisconsin Supreme Court

For the defendants-respondents-petitioners there were briefs by Kenneth A. Knudson, Kristin M. Watson and Knudson, Gee & Torvinen, S.C., Superior, and oral argument by Kenneth A. Knudson.

For the plaintiff-appellant there was a brief by Keith J. Peterson, Superior and David L. Weidt, Duluth, MN, and oral argument by David L. Weidt.

An amicus curiae brief was filed by Robert L. Jaskulski and Habush, Habush & Rottier, Milwaukee; William C. Gleisner, III, and Law Offices of William Gleisner, Milwaukee; and Jason T. Studinski and Kammer & Studinski, Portage, on behalf of the Wisconsin Academy of Trial Lawyers, and there was oral argument by William C. Gleisner, III.

¶ 1. ANN WALSH BRADLEY, J.

The petitioners, St. Francis Home, Inc. and Catholic Charities Bureau, Inc., seek review of a decision of the court of appeals reversing a circuit court order that had dismissed Julie Ann Walberg's negligence and breach of contract claims against them.1 The petitioners contend that the claims were time-barred under Wis. Stat. § 893.22.2 We determine, however, that Wis. Stat. § 893.22 is a saving statute that is not applicable to the facts of this case. Because we conclude that Wis. Stat. § 893.16 is the relevant statute for calculating the limitations at issue and that the claims were timely commenced, we affirm the decision of the court of appeals.

I

¶ 2. The essential facts are brief and undisputed. Between March 29, 1994, and December 3, 1996, the decedent, Lucille Genevieve Yox, was a resident of St. Francis Home in Douglas County, Wisconsin. At all material times and until her death on August 15, 2000, Yox suffered from Alzheimer's disease. The parties agree that Alzheimer's disease constituted a "mental illness" for the purposes of Wis. Stat. § 893.16.3

¶ 3. On August 12, 2002, Julie Ann Walberg was appointed special administrator for Yox's estate. That same day, Walberg commenced an action for negligence and breach of contract against St. Francis Home, Inc. and Catholic Charities Bureau, Inc. (hereinafter collectively referred to as "St. Francis"). The claims concerned allegations related to Yox's care at St. Francis Home. The parties agree that such claims would have accrued on December 3, 1996.

¶ 4. Among other defenses, St. Francis asserted that the action was time-barred due to Wis. Stat. § 893.22. It then filed a corresponding motion to dismiss. The circuit court granted the motion, concluding that the relevant statute of limitations was not two years from Yox's death under Wis. Stat. § 893.16, but rather one year from Yox's death under Wis. Stat. § 893.22. Walberg appealed.

¶ 5. The court of appeals reversed the order of the circuit court. Relying on Curran v. Witter, 68 Wis. 16, 31 N.W. 705 (1887), it determined that Wis. Stat. § 893.22 applied only to cases where a person dies with an existing claim that has less than one year remaining on the period of limitation. Walberg v. St. Francis Home, Inc., 2004 WI App 120, ¶ 7, 274 Wis. 2d 414, 683 N.W.2d 518. Accordingly, it concluded that Wis. Stat. § 893.16 was the applicable statute for calculating the period of limitation and that Walberg's claims were timely commenced. St. Francis petitioned this court for review.

II

¶ 6. This case arises in the context of a motion to dismiss. When reviewing such a matter, we accept alleged facts and reasonable inferences as true, but draw all legal conclusions independently. Tri City Nat'l Bank v. Federal Ins. Co., 2004 WI App 12, ¶ 6, 268 Wis. 2d 785, 674 N.W.2d 617 (citing Town of Eagle v. Christensen, 191 Wis. 2d 301, 311-12, 529 N.W.2d 245 (Ct. App. 1995)). ¶ 7. The sole issue for our review is how to compute the statute of limitations for a disabled person's claim when that person dies. Our inquiry focuses on two statutes: Wis. Stat. §§ 893.22 and 893.16. Interpretation of statutes presents questions of law subject to independent appellate review. Vill. of Lannon v. Wood-Land Contractors, Inc., 2003 WI 150, ¶ 12, 267 Wis. 2d 158, 672 N.W.2d 275 (citing Meyer v. School Dist. of Colby, 226 Wis. 2d 704, 708, 595 N.W.2d 339 (1999)).

III

¶ 8. We begin our discussion by examining Wis. Stat. § 893.22. It provides in relevant part:

Limitation in case of death. If a person entitled to bring an action dies before the expiration of the time limited for the commencement of the action and the cause of action survives, an action may be commenced by the person's representatives after the expiration of that time and within one year from the person's death.

¶ 9. St. Francis maintains that Wis. Stat. § 893.22 is a statute of limitations that governs actions brought by an estate after the injured party's death. Applying this interpretation to the present case, it contends that the statute automatically shortened the period of limitation for Yox's existing claims to one year, causing Walberg's claims to be time-barred. Because the death occurred on August 15, 2000, St. Francis asserts that the action must have been commenced within one year of that date.

¶ 10. Walberg, meanwhile, advances that Wis. Stat. § 893.22 extends, rather than restricts, the time period for commencing an action of a deceased claimant. She notes that the statute grants the claimant's representatives the power to bring an action after the time limit for commencement of the action. Furthermore, Walberg argues that it is unnecessary to grant the power to commence an action during the time limited for commencement of the action, for that power is already granted by the underlying statute of limitations.4

¶ 11. In Curran v. Witter, 68 Wis. 16, this court examined Section 4234 of the Revised Statutes of Wisconsin (1878), the predecessor of Wis. Stat. § 893.22.5 The matter arose in the context of a banking dispute. James Curran had deposited $540 with Witter's Bank on October 6, 1869. Curran died intestate in 1872, and an administrator was named for his estate in 1885. The administrator subsequently brought suit against the bank, seeking to recover the $540. The bank maintained that Curran had already withdrawn the $540. Additionally, it asserted a statute of limitations defense. ¶ 12. Ultimately, the Curran court determined the statute of limitations defense to be dispositive, concluding that the claim was barred on and after October 7, 1875. 68 Wis. at 22. In doing so, it examined Section 4234 and noted, "[i]t is obvious that this provision only reaches a case where the person entitled to bring the action dies during the last year of the term of limitation." Id. Because Curran died more than one year before the statute ran against the claim, the court held that Section 4234 had no application to the action. Id.

¶ 13. This court reaffirmed the Curran court's interpretation of Section 4234 in Palmer v. O'Rourke, 130 Wis. 507, 110 N.W. 389 (1907), a case involving an alleged conversion. The Palmer court drew upon Curran in rejecting the application of Section 4234 to its case. Palmer, 130 Wis. at 511. It stated in relevant part:

The death of the person to whom the right of action accrues does not extend such time unless such death occurs during the last of the six years. In such circumstances sec. 4234, Stats. 1898, provides that "if a person entitled to bring an action die before the expiration of the time limited for the commencement thereof and the cause of action survive an action may be commenced by his representatives after the expiration of that time and within one year from his death." Curran v. Witter, 68 Wis. 16, 31 N.W. 705, limited such section to cases where the death of a person occurs during the last year of his right to commence the action. So it will be seen it does not apply here.

Id.

¶ 14. Additional support for the Curran court interpretation is found in the annotated text of Wis. Stat. § 4234 (1889). That text contains a specific reference to Massachusetts Pub. Stats. Ch. 197, Sec. 12, and the case of Converse v. Johnson, 14 N.E. 925 (Mass. 1888). The Massachusetts statute is reproduced in the note and is very similar to § 4234, except that it permits a decedent's representatives two years after the granting of testamentary letters to commence an action and also contains a 30-day provision not found in § 4234. The Converse case describes the purpose of the Massachusetts statute as follows:

Pub.St. c. 197, § 12 cannot well be construed to mean that in every case the executor or administrator of a deceased person who was entitled to bring an action must bring the action within two years after the grant of letters testamentary or of administration. The section was not intended to further limit the bringing of actions, but to extend the time within which they could be brought, when the person entitled to bring them died before the expiration of the time.... It was not intended by this section that the debtor should have a defense to which he was not otherwise entitled....

14 N.E. at 927.

¶ 15. Although St. Francis questions the soundness of the Curran court's interpretation, we do not. Examining the language of Wis. Stat. § 893.22, three preconditions are specified: (1) a person dies; (2) before the expiration of the time limited for the commencement of an action; and (3) the cause of action survives the person's death. If these are met, then the statute allows for commencement of an action by the person's representatives only when two further criteria are satisfied: the action is commenced within one year of the person's death and whatever time remaining under the applicable statute of limitations passes.

¶ 16. As the court of appeals cogently explained in its decision below, Curran...

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