Ward v. Board of County Com Rs of Love County, Okl

• Decision Date: 26 April 1920
• Docket Number: No. 224,224
• Citation: 253 U.S. 17,64 L.Ed. 751,40 S.Ct. 419
• Parties: WARD et al. v. BOARD OF COUNTY COM'RS OF LOVE COUNTY, OKL
• Court: U.S. Supreme Court

253 U.S. 17

40 S.Ct. 419

64 L.Ed. 751

WARD et al.

v BOARD OF COUNTY COM'RS OF LOVE COUNTY, OKL.

No. 224.

Submitted March 11, 1920.

Decided April 26, 1920.

Messrs. John Emerson Bennett, of Ft. Worth, Tex., and George P. Glaze, of Oklahoma City, Okl., for petitioners.

Mr. Justice VAN DEVANTERdelivered the opinion of the Court.

This is a proceeding by and on behalf of Coleman J. Ward and sixty-six other Indians to recover moneys alleged to have been coercively collected from them by Love county, Oklahoma, as taxes on their allotments, which under the laws and Constitution of the United States were nontaxable.The county commissioners disallowed the claim and the claimants appealed to the district court of the county.There the claimants' petition was challenged by a demurrer, which was overruled and the county elected not to plead further.A judgment for the claimants followed, and this was reversed by the Supreme Court.Board of Comr's of Love County v. Ward, 173 Pac. 1050.The case is here on writ of certiorari.248 U. S. 556, 39 Sup. Ct. 12, 63 L. Ed. 419.

The claimants, who were members of the Choctaw Tribe and wards of the United States, received their al otments out of the tribal domain under a congressional enactment of 1898, which subjected the right of alienation to certain restrictions and provided that 'the lands allotted shall be nontaxable while the title remains in the original allottee, but not to exceed twenty-one years from date of patent.'Chapter 517,30 Stat. 507.In the act of 1906, enabling Oklahoma to become a state, Congress made it plain that no impairment of the rights of property pertaining to the Indians was intended, chapter 3335, § 1,34 Stat. 267; and the state included in its Constitution a provision exempting from taxation 'such property as may be exempt by reason of treaty stipulations, existing between the Indians and the United States government, or by federal laws, during the force and effect of such treaties or federal laws.'Article 10, § 6.Afterwards Congress, by an act of 1908, removed the restrictions on alienation as to certain classes of allottees, including the present claimants, and declared that all land from which the restrictions were removed 'shall be subject to taxation, * * * as though it were the property of other persons than allottees.'Chapter 199,§§ 1, 4, 35 Stat. 312.

Following the last enactment the officers of Love and other counties began to tax the allotted lands from which restrictions on alienation were removed, and this met with pronounced opposition on the part of the Indian allottees, who insisted, as they had been advised, that the tax exemption was a vested property right which could not be abrogated or destroyed consistently with the Constitution of the United States.Suits were begun in the state courts to maintain the exemption and enjoin the threatened taxation, one of the suits being prosecuted by some 8,000 allottees against the officers of Love and other counties.The suits were resisted, and the state courts, being of opinion that the exemption had been repealed by Congress, sustained the power to tax.English v. Richardson, 28 Okl. 408, 114 Pac. 710;Gleason v. Wood, 28 Okl. 502, 114 Pac. 703;Choate v. Trapp, 28 Okl. 517, 114 Pac. 709.The cases were then brought here, and this court held that the exemption was a vested property right which Congress could not repeal consistently with the Fifth Amendment, that it was binding on the taxing authorities in Oklahoma, and that the state courts had erred in refusing to enjoin them from taxing the lands.Choate v. Trapp, 224 U. S. 665, 32 Sup. Ct. 565, 56 L. Ed. 941;Gleason v. Wood, 224 U. S. 679, 32 Sup. Ct. 571, 56 L. Ed. 947;English v. Richardson, 224 U. S. 680, 32 Sup. Ct. 571, 56 L. Ed. 949.

While those suits were pending the officers of Love county, with full knowledge of the suits, and being defendants in one, proceeded with the taxation of the allotments, demanded of these claimants that the taxes on their lands be paid to the county, threatened to advertise and sell the lands unless the taxes were paid, did advertise and sell other lands similarly situated, and caused these claimants to believe that their lands would be sold if the taxes were not paid.So, to prevent such a sale and to avoid the imposition of a penalty of eighteen per cent., for which the local statute provided, these claimants paid the taxes.They protested and objected at the time that the taxes were invalid, and the county officers knew that all the allottees were pressing the objection in the pending suits.

As a conclusion from these factsthe claimants asserted that the taxes were collected by Love county by coercive means, that their collection was in violation of a right arising out of a law of Congress and protected by the Constitution of the United States, and that the county was accordingly bound to repay the moneys thus collected.The total amount claimed is $7,833.35, aside from interest.

Such, in substance, was the case presented by the petition, which also described each tract that was taxed, named the allottee from whom the taxes were collected and stated the amount and date of eachp ayment.

In reversing the judgment which the district court had given for the claimantsthe Supreme Court held, first, that the taxes were not collected by coercive means, but were paid voluntarily, and could not be recovered back as there as there was no statutory authority therefor; and, secondly, that there was no statute making the county liable for taxes collected and then paid over to the state and municipal bodies other than the county—which it was assumed was true of a portion of these taxes—and that the petition did not show how much of the taxes was retained by the county, or how much paid over to the state and other municipal bodies, and therefore it could not be the basis of any judgment against the county.

The county challenges our jurisdiction by a motion to dismiss the writ of certiorari and by way of supporting the motion insists that the Supreme Court put its judgment entirely on independent nonfederal grounds which were broad enough to sustain the judgment.

As these claimants had not disposed of their allotments and twenty-one years had not elapsed since the date of the patents, it is certain that the lands were nontaxable.This was settled in Choate v. Trapp, supra, and the other cases decided with it; and it also was settled in those cases that the exemption was a vested property right arising out of a law of Congress and protected by the Constitution of the United States.This being so, the state and all its agencies and political subdivisions were bound to give effect to the exemption.It operated as a direct restraint on Love county, no matter what was said in local statutes.The county did not respect it, but, on the contrary, assessed the lands allotted to these claimants, placed them on the county tax roll, and there charged them with taxes like other property.If a portion of the taxes was to go to the state and other municipal bodies after collection—which we assume was the case—it still was the county that charged the taxes against these lands and proceeded to collect them.Payment of all the taxes was demanded by the county, all all were paid to it in the circumstances already narrated.

We accept so much of the Supreme Court's decision as held that, if the payment was voluntary, the moneys could not be recovered back in the absence of a permissive statute, and that there was no such statute.But we are unable to accept its decision in other respects.

The right to the exemption was a federal right, and was specially set up and claimed as such in the petition.Whether the right was denied, or not given due recognition, by the Supreme Court is a question as to which the claimants were entitled to invoke our judgment, and this they have done in the appropriate way.It therefore is within our province to inquire not only whether the right was denied in express terms, but also whether it was denied in substance and...