Ward v. Commissioner
| Decision Date | 03 July 1979 |
| Docket Number | Docket No. 3197-78. |
| Citation | 38 TCM (CCH) 1006,1979 TC Memo 252 |
| Parties | Joseph L. Ward v. Commissioner. |
| Court | U.S. Tax Court |
Thomas A. Falik, 1200 Milam St., Houston, Tex., for the petitioner. Eddie L. Gibson, for the respondent.
Respondent determined deficiencies of $3,373, $3,372, and $4,097 for the years 1973, 1974, and 1975, respectively. The only issue presented for decision is whether petitioner is entitled to deduct certain payments incident to a divorce as alimony under section 215.1
This case was submitted fully stipulated pursuant to Rule 122, Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. The stipulation of facts and joint exhibits are incorporated herein by this reference. The pertinent facts are summarized below.
Joseph L. Ward (petitioner) was a resident of Houston, Texas, when he filed the petition in this case. On or about July 21, 1972, petitioner and his wife, Betty Mae Ward (hereinafter Betty), were separated. On September 25, 1972, petitioner and his wife entered into an agreement entitled "Agreement for Division of Marital Property and for Support." In addition to providing for a division of their marital property, the agreement required petitioner to make payments "to Wife for her and the parties' minor children's support and maintenance."2 On January 18, 1973, petitioner and Betty were granted a divorce in Texas. The divorce decree not only formally approved and incorporated by reference the written agreement of the parties, but also specifically ordered petitioner to pay support and maintenance to Petitioner (Betty) for the parties' minor children."3 The amounts paid and deducted by petitioner during the taxable years in issue, and the amounts disallowed by respondent, are as follows:
Year Amount Claimed Amount Disallowed
1973 $7,192.00 $5,500.00
1974 6,057.00 6,000.00
1975 6,000.00 6,000.00
The claimed deductions were disallowed to the extent that respondent determined them to be child support payments fixed by the divorce decree.
Section 215 allows a husband to deduct amounts includable under section 71 in the gross income of his former wife. Under the general rule of section 71,4 the wife's gross income includes periodic payments received in discharge of a legal obligation imposed on a husband under a decree of divorce or separate maintenance or under a written separation agreement. Section 71(b) provides that this general rule shall not apply to any amounts paid which are fixed in the decree or agreement as payable for the support of minor children. If the instrument merely calls for payments to be made "to the spouse for her support and the support of minor children," however, none of the amount is considered nondeductible child support. See Commissioner v. Lester 61-1 USTC ¶ 9463, 366 U.S. 299, 305 (1961).
Petitioner contends that neither the written agreement nor the court decree specifically designated any portion of the payments as child support. He argues that the court's approval and incorporation of the separation agreement in the decree conflicts with other language in the decree ordering petitioner to pay certain sums to Betty for the support of their children. This ambiguity, he maintains, precludes any portion of the payment from being considered as fixed for child support under section 71(b).
Respondent does not challenge petitioner's construction of the separation agreement, which by itself clearly fails to fix any amount for child support. He does maintain, however, that in spite of the incorporation of the separation agreement in the subsequent divorce decree, the decree operated to fix a portion of the amounts payable under the agreement as child support. We agree with respondent.
Attendant to an action for divorce under Texas law, the "Court may order either or both parents to make periodic payments or a lump-sum payment, or both, for the support of the child until he is 18 years of age in the manner and to the persons specified by the Court in the decree." Tex. Fam. Code Ann., tit. II, sec. 14.05(a) (Vernon). Parties to the divorce may not, by their agreement, restrict the court's authority to make any order necessary for the support of their children. Myrick v. Myrick, 478 S.W. 2d 859 (Tex. Ct. App. 1972); Murray v. Murray, 350 S.W. 2d 593 (Tex. Ct. App. 1961); De Viney v. De Viney, 269 S.W. 2d 936 (Tex. Ct. App. 1954); Hardin v. Hardin, 247 S.W. 2d 614 (Tex. Ct. App. 1952). Section 14.06(b) of the Texas Code also provides that child support provisions in separation agreements may be subject to court scrutiny. Whether payments are ordered by the court pursuant to a divorce decree or made part of a separation agreement, such provisions may be modified or altered on subsequent application to the court under certain situations.
Texas law does limit, however, the court's authority to subsequently modify or alter child support payments if the court has merely incorporated a separation agreement by reference in the decree. In that situation the child support provisions are not modifiable. Duke v. Duke, 448 S.W. 2d 200 (Tex. Ct. App. 1969). Such a prohibition is predicated upon a belief that by mere incorporation into the divorce decree the duty to provide child support subsequent to the divorce arises only as a result of the parties' agreement, and not by exercise of court authority under section 14.05(a) of the Texas Code. Duke v. Duke, supra at 202.
If the court does not merely incorporate a child support provision from a separation agreement in the divorce decree, its authority to subsequently modify or alter the amount of support is undiminished. Mobley v. Mobley, 221 S.W. 2d 565 (Tex. Ct. App. 1949), is illustrative. In Mobley the parties to the divorce had previously entered into a separation agreement which settled property rights and required the husband to pay $200 per month in child support until the children finished school. The divorce decree, however, contained the following provisions (221 S.W. 2d at 566):
The Texas Court of Civil Appeals held that because the support decree was based upon the terms of the statute authorizing the court to provide for child support, it was subject to subsequent modification by that court. The court reasoned as follows (221 S.W. 2d at 567):
From an inspection of the face of the divorce decree it appears that the judge rendering the same treated the matter of child support and the settlement of community property rights as separate matters. The paragraph relating to child support does not show that it was based upon an agreement of the parties. In fact, it does not follow the terms of the agreement, in that the provision relating to the length of time during which the payments shall be made — until the children are through with their schooling — is omitted.
It is apparent, therefore, that there must be evidence of an intent to exercise statutory authority under sec. 14.05(a) if the power of the court to alter the support obligation is to be preserved.5
Petitioner argues that Mobley is distinguishable from the present case because in Mobley the court did not specifically approve and incorporate the entire separation agreement. Such a distinction, we think, is immaterial. In the present case, the court had both the authority and the responsibility to insure adequate support for minor children, and it exercised that authority. In addition to setting out the child support obligation as a separate order in the decree, the court altered6 the amount and duration of the payments called for by the separation agreement (as did the court in Mobley). The facts clearly indicate a deliberate attempt to invoke the authority granted to the court under sec. 14.05(a) of the Texas Code. Thus, notwithstanding the Texas court's approval and incorporation of the separation agreement, it has exercised its statutory powers to fix child support in the decree.
Having concluded that the divorce decree specifically designated amounts payable for child support, we are not faced with a simple conflict between a divorce decree which fixes payments for support and a prior separation agreement which does not. As we observed in Thomson v. Commissioner Dec. 26,903, 42 T.C. 825 (1964), affd. sub nom. Metcalf v. Commissioner 65-1 USTC ¶ 9317, 343 F. 2d 66 (1st Cir. 1965), section 71(b) is written in the disjunctive. When both the decree and the agreement are effective and enforceable, it is necessary only that one or the other fix an amount as payable for child support. In the instant case the fixing of payments in the decree overrides the lack of specificity in the agreement.
Petitioner argues that our opinion in Tinsman v. Commissioner Dec. 28,363, 47 T.C. 560 (1967), should control here. We cannot agree. That case dealt with two decrees from different jurisdictions. The first was a decree of separate maintenance issued in the District of Columbia which specified a single sum for both alimony and child support. The second, a divorce decree issued in Maryland, specified a single sum for child support alone. Since it was unclear whether the later decree was intended to supplant or modify the earlier decree with regard to classification of the payments to the wife, we held that the second decree failed to fix any amount for child support.
We are not confronted with a Tinsman situation here. Rather, we have one decree in conflict...
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