Warner-Lambert Co. v. U.S.

• Decision Date: 11 May 2005
• Docket Number: No. 04-1489.,04-1489.
• Citation: 407 F.3d 1207
• Parties: WARNER-LAMBERT COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Federal Circuit

407 F.3d 1207

WARNER-LAMBERT COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 04-1489.

United States Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit.

May 11, 2005.

Patrick D. Gill, Rode & Qualey, of New York, New York, argued for plaintiff-appellant. Of counsel on the brief were John S. Rode and Eleanore Kelly-Kobayashi.

Bruce N. Stratvert, Attorney, International Trade Field Office, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, of New York, New York, argued for defendant-appellee. With him on the brief were Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General, David M. Cohen, Director, and Barbara S. Williams, Attorney in Charge. Of counsel on the brief was Chi S. Choy, Office of Assistant Chief Counsel, United States Customs and Border Protection, of New York, New York.

Before RADER, SCHALL, and BRYSON, Circuit Judges.

RADER, Circuit Judge.

The United States Court of International Trade sustained the United States Customs Service determination to classify Warner-Lambert's imported Certs® "Powerful Mints" under Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS) subheading 2106.90.99, as a "food preparation not elsewhere specified or included." Customs had proposed this classification if the Court of International Trade found, as a matter of fact, that the mints are sugar-free. Warner-Lambert instead sought classification under HTSUS subheading 3306.90.00, "Preparations for oral or dental hygiene ... Other," which would be free of duty. Because Customs' classification of Warner-Lambert's Certs® Powerful Mints within subheading 2106.90.99 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedules of the United States (HTSUS) does not persuade under the appropriate standard, this court reverses.

I.

Warner-Lambert markets Certs® Powerful Mints as a product to freshen the breath, and in particular to eliminate oral malodor. The product contains sorbitol, maltodextrin, aspartame, magnesium stearate, "Retsyn®," and blue food coloring. Retsyn® contains flavoring, partially hydrogenated cottonseed oil, and copper gluconate. Warner-Lambert presented expert evidence that Certs® is "an effective breath freshening product" because it stimulates salivary flow, which controls malodor by purging. Further testimony indicated that the product contains flavors that mask malodor and copper gluconate that breaks down odor-producing volatile compounds. Finally, the product contains cottonseed oil to absorb odor-producing volatile compounds.

Customs presented expert evidence that the product does not contain ingredients considered by professionals to remove bacteria and bacterial products contributing to oral diseases. Accordingly, Customs argues that the product "does not promote oral hygiene." Customs' expert did note, however, that saliva is an effective cleansing solution that dissolves malodorous compounds and helps to mechanically remove bacteria and volatile compounds from the mouth.

The Court of International Trade considered a monograph entitled "Over-the-Counter Oral Health Care and Discomfort Drugs: Establishment of a Monograph," 47 Fed.Reg. 22,760 (May 25, 1982), published by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This monograph summarized the conclusions of a professional panel of the FDA that evaluated ingredients in oral health care preparations sold without prescription. The monograph stated that "hygienic measures" to control malodor included "various cosmetic preparations, such as odoriferous mouthwashes and gargles, and lozenges. Some of the products employed contain antimicrobial and other active ingredients for which therapeutic claims are made in addition to cosmetic claims." Id. at 22,842. The monograph also stated that malodor may be controlled by purging, masking, chemical neutralization, or bacterial inhibition. Id. at 22,843-44.

The Court of International Trade weighed this evidence and consulted definitions for "preparations" and "hygiene" from medical and general dictionaries. The trial court concluded that, because "hygiene" "relates to the presence of health," preparations for oral hygiene are "medicines made ready for the practice of preserving the health of the mouth or oral cavity." Warner-Lambert Co. v. United States, 343 F.Supp.2d 1315, 1320 (Ct. Int'l Trade 2004). Therefore, the court concluded that cosmetic products "must reach an antimicrobial result to be considered a preparation for oral or dental hygiene." Id. Because Certs® Powerful Mints do not contain an antimicrobial agent, the trial court declined to classify them as a preparation for oral hygiene under HTSUS 33.06. Id. at 1321.

II.

The parties do not dispute material facts about these imports. This court's review of their classification reduces to a determination of the proper meaning and scope of the HTSUS terms. That determination is a matter of statutory interpretation, i.e., a question of law. See SGI, Inc. v. United States, 122 F.3d 1468, 1471 (Fed.Cir.1997). This court construes a tariff term according to its common and commercial meanings-presumably the same. To discern the commercial meaning of a tariff term, this court may consult dictionaries, scientific authorities, and other reliable information sources. See Mead Corp. v. United States, 283 F.3d 1342, 1346 (Fed.Cir.2002). The HTSUS Explanatory Notes themselves are not binding, but are "generally indicative of the proper interpretation of ... the Harmonized Tariff System." Lynteq, Inc. v. United States, 976 F.2d 693, 699 (Fed.Cir. 1992).

This court defers to a classification ruling by Customs following the principles in Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 65 S.Ct. 161, 89 L.Ed. 124 (1944). United States v. Mead Corp. v. 533 U.S. 218, 219-20, 121 S.Ct. 2164, 150 L.Ed.2d 292 (2001). Under Skidmore, the degree of deference depends on the thoroughness evident in the classification ruling; the validity of the reasoning that led to the classification; consistency of the classification with earlier and later pronouncements; the formality with which the particular ruling was established; and other factors that supply a "power to persuade." Skidmore, 323 U.S. at 140, 65 S.Ct. 161. Although according deference, this court has an independent responsibility to decide the legal issue of the proper meaning and scope of HTSUS terms. See Rocknel Fastener, Inc. v. United States, 267 F.3d 1354, 1358 (Fed.Cir.2001).

III.

The terms in HTSUS determine the scope of the imports covered by the categories. Heading 33.06 provides for:

Preparations for oral or dental hygiene, including denture fixative pastes and powders; yarn used to clean between the teeth (dental floss), in individual retail packages: Dentifrices: Yarn used to clean between the teeth (dental floss): Other.

The court below found that the phrase ...