Washington Post. Co. v. U.S. Dept. of State
| Decision Date | 24 February 1981 |
| Docket Number | 80-1606,Nos. 80-1509,s. 80-1509 |
| Parties | , 6 Media L. Rep. 2575 The WASHINGTON POST COMPANY v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF STATE et al., Appellants. The WASHINGTON POST COMPANY v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF STATE et al., Appellants. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — District of Columbia Circuit |
Bruce G. Forrest, Atty., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D. C., with whom Alice Daniel, Asst. Atty. Gen., Charles F. C. Ruff, U. S. Atty., and Barbara L. Herwig, Atty., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D. C., were on the brief, for appellants.
Lon S. Babby, Washington, D. C., with whom John B. Kuhns, Washington, D. C., was on the brief, for appellee.
Before LUMBARD *, Senior Circuit Judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, ROBB and GINSBURG, Circuit Judges.
In this Freedom of Information Act proceeding the Washington Post seeks Department of State records that would indicate whether two individuals now residing in Iran are U.S. citizens or hold U.S. passports. The Department withheld the records, claiming that they were exempt from disclosure under 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6) (1976). That provision protects "personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy." On cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court ordered disclosure of the records. The Department of State appeals from that judgment.
This court's precedent establishes that an agency may not withhold information on the basis of Exemption 6 unless the agency makes two showings: (1) the information is contained in "personnel and medical files" or "similar files" and (2) disclosure would constitute a "clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy." Simpson v. Vance, 648 F.2d 10, at 12 (D.C.Cir., 1980) (). We hold that in the circumstances presented, the Department of State is unable to meet the first facet of the statutory test as delineated in Simpson. Therefore we do not engage in the further inquiry the Department invites.
The Department argues initially that the records at issue are similar to personnel files because citizenship is an intimate personal detail. We rejected that argument in Simpson, supra. There we reiterated that to qualify as "similar" files, the recorded data must incorporate "intimate details" about an individual, information " 'of the same magnitude as highly personal or as intimate in nature as that at stake in personnel and medical records.' " 13, 14, At -- (quoting Board of Trade v. Commodity Futures Trading Commission, 627 F.2d 392, 398 (D.C.Cir.1980)). We held, specifically, that a Department of State publication, the Biographic Register, was not similar to personnel files and, therefore, was not protected from disclosure under Exemption 6. The Register contained information such as place of birth, date of naturalization, educational background, and work experience of senior-level and mid-level federal employees involved in this country's foreign policy. 1 We conclude that the facts of current citizenship or possession of a United States passport are no more personal than the dates of naturalization held nonexempt in Simpson. 2 Without overturning Simpson and our earlier expressions consistent with it, we cannot rule that the information sought here is contained in files "similar" to "personnel and medical files."
The Department urges that release of this information may endanger the lives of the two individuals since they have returned to Iran and "(a)ny individual in Iran who is suspected of being an American citizen or of having American connections is looked upon with mistrust." Affidavit of Harold H. Saunders, at 2; Joint Appendix at 19. The Department pressed a similar point in Simpson, arguing that release of the biographical directory might endanger United States diplomatic personnel abroad. As in Simpson, since we conclude that the files in question do not qualify under the first facet of the Exemption 6 test, we do not reach the issue of balancing interests in disclosure against privacy concerns.
While we are sympathetic to the Department's reluctance to release these records, we find inescapable the response supplied in Simpson : "(T)he Department is attempting to fit a square peg in a round hole"; "Congress did not design Exemption 6 to encompass the...
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