Waters v. Deutz Corp.

Decision Date09 January 1984
Citation479 A.2d 273
PartiesNoland WATERS and Elsie R. Waters, Plaintiffs, v. DEUTZ CORPORATION, a corporation of the State of Florida, and Klockner-Humboldt-Deutz AG, a foreign corporation, Defendants. . Submitted:
CourtUnited States State Supreme Court of Delaware

Upon certification from the Superior Court.

Alan T. Boyd (argued) and Neal J. Levitsky of Bayard, Brill & Handelman, P.A., Wilmington, for plaintiffs.

L. Susan Faw of Richards, Layton & Finger, Wilmington, for defendant Klockner-Humboldt-Deutz AG.

Before McNEILLY, MOORE, and CHRISTIE, JJ.

McNEILLY, Justice:

The question of law presented to us upon certification by the Superior Court arises from a product liability action brought by plaintiffs, Noland and Elsie R. Waters, against defendants, Klockner-Humboldt-Deutz AG (KHD) and Deutz Corporation (Deutz). As stated in the Order of this Court accepting certification dated June 30, 1983, the question of law is in essence a two-part question:

(a) Whether 10 Del.C. § 3104(c) is to be construed as conferring in personam jurisdiction over KHD, a foreign manufacturing corporation, based on the activities within Delaware of Deutz, a Florida corporation, and a wholly owned subsidiary of KHD; and

(b) Whether 10 Del.C. § 3104 as construed comports with federal due process requirements.

The result we reach as to such inquiry is that KHD is "doing business" within Delaware sufficient to satisfy the "minimum contacts" requirement of due process.

I

The pertinent facts are as follows:

On May 17, 1981, plaintiff, Noland Waters, a longshoreman, was operating a tractor in the course of his employment at the Port of Wilmington. During the operation of the tractor, it tipped over and, as a result, Waters sustained personal injuries. The tractor in question was manufactured by KHD, a German corporation, in Germany, where title was transferred on April 27, 1981 from KHD to Deutz, a Florida corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of KHD.

As set forth in the opinion below denying KHD's motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, Deutz, as the exclusive distributor of KHD manufactured tractors in the United States, is the sole conduit through which KHD's tractors enter the United States. 460 A.2d 1332. Further, Deutz has imported approximately forty (40) per cent of those tractors via the Port of Wilmington and maintains a district manager within Delaware targeting the State along with others in its promotional advertising scheme. KHD, on the other hand, has no employees, offices, or showrooms within the State.

II

As indicated by the certified question, whenever an inquiry involving the existence of personal jurisdiction over a given defendant is undertaken, a two-step analysis must be set out. Fischer v. Hilton, D.Del., 549 F.Supp. 389 (1982). Thus, we turn first to whether in personam jurisdiction over KHD is authorized by 10 Del.C. § 3104(c), the Delaware long-arm statute.

Under § 3104(c), personal jurisdiction can be acquired over a non-resident defendant who engages in any of the activities described in parts (1) through (6) thereunder. 1 The plaintiffs contend that KHD derived substantial income from the tractors used in Delaware thus satisfying § 3104(c)(4) or, in the alternative, that KHD was either directly, or through its "agent" Deutz, transacting business within the State under § 3104(c)(1). KHD, meanwhile, argues that it neither transacts business in Delaware nor does it, in person or through an agent, derive substantial revenue from things used or consumed in the State. While we agree with plaintiffs' position that jurisdiction over KHD is founded upon § 3104(c)(4), we find that section is applicable, not by the possibility that KHD derives substantial revenue from the sale of tractors in Delaware, but rather by the fact that it is regularly doing business here. 2 Cf. Maunder v. DeHavilland Aircraft of Canada, Ltd., 112 Ill.App.3d 879, 68 Ill.Dec 450, 445 N.E.2d 1303 (1983) (where the Court found under somewhat similar facts that the parent corporation was "doing business" within Illinois, although the finding was not based upon an interpretation of the Illinois long-arm statute). See also, Connelly v. Uniroyal, Inc., 75 Ill.2d 393, 27 Ill.Dec. 343, 389 N.E.2d, 155 (1979). So viewed, we see no need to address KHD's assertion that Deutz was not acting as its agent within Delaware.

Turning to § 3104(c)(4), we note that it is derived almost completely from § 1.03(a)(4) of the Uniform Interstate and International Procedure Act (U.I.I.P.A.), 13 U.L.A. § 1.03 (1980). See, Eudaily v. Harmon, Del.Supr., 420 A.2d 1175 (1980). 3 The Comment to this subdivision in the U.I.I.P.A. states:

Section 1.03(a)(4) authorizes the exercise of jurisdiction when the tortious act or omission takes place without the state but the injury occurs within the state and there is some other reasonable connection between the state and the defendant.

* * *

* * *

A sufficient nexus exists if (a) the defendant regularly advertises his products or services in the state or (b) carries on some other continuous course of activity there or (c) derives substantial revenue from goods used or consumed or from services rendered in the state. It is not necessary that this activity amount to the doing of business.

It should be noted that the regular solicitation of business or the persistent course of conduct required by section 1.03(a)(4) need have no relationship to the act or failure to act that caused the injury. No distinctions are drawn between types of tort actions. (emphasis added).

Since we find that KHD is "doing business" within the State, it follows a fortiori that KHD's activities satisfies one or more of the nexuses set out above. In particular, we find that KHD is carrying on a continuous course of activity in Delaware. We deal with the reasonableness of this connection as conferring jurisdiction over KHD in the analysis of whether due process is satisfied infra.

As to KHD's contention that Canon Manufacturing Co. v. Cudahy Packing Co., 267 U.S. 333, 45 S.Ct. 250, 69 L.Ed. 634 (1925) dictates a finding that it is not doing business in Delaware, we find that such reliance is misplaced. As the Supreme Court of Illinois in Maunder, supra, has noted:

Cannon was decided more than 20 years prior to International Shoe Co. v. State of Washington 1945, 326 U.S. 310, 66 S.Ct. 154, 90 L.Ed. 95, the decision in which the focus of the court on jurisdictional questions shifted from a defendant's "presence" in the forum state to his "minimum contacts" therewith. Consequently, Cannon merely purports to hold that conducting business through a wholly owned subsidiary does not necessarily render the parent corporation amenable to process in the state where the subsidiary does business. Braband v. Beech Aircraft Corp. [72 Ill.2d 548, 21 Ill.Dec. 888, 382 N.E.2d 252 (1978) cert. denied, 442 U.S. 928, 99 S.Ct. 2857, 61 L.Ed.2d 296 (1979) ]. 68 Ill.Dec. at 454, 445 N.E.2d at 1306.

III

Having determined that § 3104 confers in personam jurisdiction over the defendant KHD, we next turn to the question of whether subjecting KHD to Delaware jurisdiction violates the due process clause of the 14th Amendment. Here, we are concerned with whether KHD had "minimum contacts" with Delaware that compelling it to defend itself in the State would be consistent with the "traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice". International Shoe Co. v. State of Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 66 S.Ct. 154, 90 L.Ed. 95 (1945). In regard to this question, it is KHD's contention that it has not "purposely availed itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum state".

In determining whether "minimum contacts" exist, it is the quality and nature of KHD's activities that control. International Shoe, supra. As noted earlier, KHD's subsidiary, Deutz, is the sole conduit through which KHD's tractors enter the United States. Moreover, forty (40) per cent of those tractors enter the U.S. through the Port of Wilmington. Viewin...

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