Wear v. Walker
Decision Date | 06 November 1990 |
Docket Number | No. 16878,16878 |
Citation | 800 S.W.2d 99 |
Parties | Sheila Ann WEAR, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Gary K. WALKER, et al., Defendants-Respondents. |
Court | Missouri Court of Appeals |
James R. Sharp, Wear, Karchmer & Nelms, Springfield, for plaintiff-appellant.
Robert W. Freeman, Kenny B. Newman, Freeman, Fredrick and Rogers, Springfield, for defendants-respondents.
This appeal involves the refusal of physicians to furnish to a patient on her request a copy of the record of her health history and treatment. Section 191.227, 1 enacted in 1988, reads:
Plaintiff Sheila Ann Wear filed this action against the four defendants, who are physicians. The trial court sustained defendants' motion to dismiss, which was directed to the [first amended] petition. The ground of the motion was that the petition failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Plaintiff appeals.
In Counts v. Morrison-Knudsen, Inc., 663 S.W.2d 357, 360 (Mo.App.1983), this court said:
(Citing authorities.)
The petition alleged, in substance, the matters set forth in the following three paragraphs:
Defendants are physicians engaged in the practice of medicine as a partnership. Prior to October 24, 1988, plaintiff was a patient of, and received medical treatment from, defendants. In the course of providing medical treatment, defendants made a record of plaintiff's health history and medical treatment provided her while under their care.
On October 12, 1988, plaintiff made a written request to defendants for a copy 2 of her medical records. On October 24, 1988, at defendants' office, plaintiff made an oral request for a copy of her medical records. On October 24, 1988, defendants intentionally, maliciously and with reckless indifference to the rights of plaintiff, and in violation of § 191.227 RSMo, refused to furnish plaintiff a copy of her medical records. "Section 191.227 provides plaintiff with an implied cause of action against defendants for a violation of that statute."
"Due to the outrageous and malicious refusal of defendants, done with reckless indifference to plaintiff's rights under § 191.227, punitive damages are warranted."
The prayer of the petition was for $1.00 nominal damages and $14,990 punitive damages, together with costs.
A petition must contain two elements. They are: "(1) a short and plain statement of the facts showing that the pleader is entitled to relief and (2) a demand for judgment for the relief to which he deems himself entitled." Rule 55.05.
The motion which the trial court sustained was a motion to dismiss and not a motion to strike. The motion to dismiss, in essence, challenged the sufficiency of the petition with respect to element (1). It is of no moment whether the petition alleged facts entitling plaintiff to an award of monetary damages, nominal, actual or punitive. So long as plaintiff alleged facts showing that she was entitled to some relief, it is immaterial whether she is entitled to any or all of the relief prayed for. Caldwell v. Eubanks, 326 Mo. 185, 30 S.W.2d 976, 980 (1930); Barnett v. Ground, 304 Mo. 593, 263 S.W. 836, 840 (Mo.1924); U.S. Suzuki Motor Corp. v. Johnson, 673 S.W.2d 105, 106 (Mo.App.1984); Mercantile Trust Company v. Chase Hotel, Inc., 510 S.W.2d 807, 809 (Mo.App.1974); Wollums v. Mutual Ben. Health & Accident Ass'n, 226 Mo.App. 647, 46 S.W.2d 259, 264 (1931).
The prayer of a petition may be disregarded in determining what relief is authorized by the facts pleaded. Iota Management v. Boulevard Inv. Co., 731 S.W.2d 399, 417 (Mo.App.1987); Osterberger v. Hites Const. Co., 599 S.W.2d 221, 230 (Mo.App.1980); Mills v. Keith Marsh Chevrolet, Inc., 549 S.W.2d 604, 608 (Mo.App.1977); S-- v. W--, 514 S.W.2d 848, 853 (Mo.App.1974); State v. Carroll, 343 S.W.2d 622, 629 (Mo.App.1961). The same rule prevails in the federal courts. "[I]t need not appear that plaintiff can obtain the particular relief prayed for, as long as the court can ascertain that some relief may be granted." Wright & Miller, Fed.Pract. & Proc., § 1357, p. 339 (1990).
Although it is sometimes said that the prayer is no part of the petition, Osterberger v. Hites Const. Co., supra, at 230; Wollums v. Mutual Ben. Health & Accident Ass'n, supra, 226 Mo.App. 647, 46 S.W.2d at 264, it is more accurate to state that the relief prayed for is no part of plaintiff's cause of action or claim for relief. Menke v. Rovin, 352 Mo. 826, 180 S.W.2d 24, 26 (1944).
No Missouri case has been cited or found dealing with the question of whether a physician has a common law duty to disclose to his patient, upon request, the contents of the patient's medical records. There seems to be little case law authority on the question. Several jurisdictions have held that such a common law duty exists. Emmett v. Eastern Disp. & Cas. Hosp., 396 F.2d 931, 935 (D.C.Cir.1967); Cannell v. Medical and Surgical Clinic, 21 Ill.App.3d 383, 315 N.E.2d 278, 280 (1974); Ruffin v. Strange, 434 So.2d 1200, 1202 (La.App. 1 Cir.1983); Claim of Gerkin, 106 Misc.2d 643, 434 N.Y.S.2d 607, 608 (1980); People v. Cohen, 98 Misc.2d 874, 414 N.Y.S.2d 642, 644 (1979); Application of Striegel, 92 Misc.2d 113, 399 N.Y.S.2d 584, 585-586 (1977). "A patient has a property right in records which is sufficient to afford the right of reasonable access to them." 70 C.J.S. Physicians & Surgeons § 58, p. 451 (1987). 3
Section 191.227.1, as applicable here, requires a physician, upon the written request of a patient, to furnish the patient a copy of the physician's record of the patient's health history and treatment. The statute, in the sentence imposing that duty, then says: "Except that such right shall be limited to access consistent with the patient's condition and sound therapeutic treatment as determined by the [physician]."
The general rule is that where a right of action is given by statute which contains an exception, a plaintiff in stating a cause of action upon the statute must negative the exception. Kemper v. Gluck, 327 Mo. 733, 39 S.W.2d 330, 333 (1931). To similar effect see Nichols v. Davidson Hotel Company, 333 S.W.2d 536, 541 (Mo.App.1960); 71 C.J.S. Pleading § 86(d), p. 205 (1951).
Although defendants present several arguments in support of the dismissal, one argument they do not advance is that the petition fails to negative the exception, if it truly is an exception. It may be that defendants do not make this argument because they know it is factually unsupported. In any event, such an argument would not be valid under the circumstances here for several reasons.
The language following the word "except" does not really constitute an exception but rather a restriction in the nature of a condition subsequent. It does not seek to eliminate the right of access but merely to limit it. Rarely would a situation arise where the patient's condition and sound therapeutic treatment would require a denial of all access. Since the patient usually has no knowledge of the contents of the records sought, it would be unreasonable to impose upon the patient a burden to disprove a claim that she should be denied access because of her condition. The physician should have the burden of pleading and proving the need for limiting access. Moreover, the instant petition alleged that defendants violated the statute and did so maliciously. A liberal construction of the petition would equate that allegation with a denial that circumstances existed which would bring the exception into play.
Although § 191.227.1 mentions "such right," the word "right" does not earlier appear in the statute. The terminology must refer to a right on the part of the patient to be furnished a copy of his medical records on request. The statute contains no language affording a specific remedy to the patient in the event that right is not honored. The statute contains no language imposing any punishment or penalty on a physician who fails to perform the duty of furnishing. Section 191.227 was...
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