Weekley v. Jameson

• Decision Date: 07 January 1997
• Docket Number: 174787,Docket Nos. 174786
• Citation: Weekley v. Jameson, 221 Mich.App. 34, 561 N.W.2d 408 (Mich. App. 1997)
• Parties: Donald WEEKLEY, Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant, v. Donald JAMESON, Defendant-Appellee, and Pioneer State Mutual Insurance Company, Garnishee Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee. PIONEER STATE MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee, v. Donald WEEKLEY, Defendant-Appellee/Cross-Appellant, and Donald Jameson and Alberta Jameson, Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: Court of Appeal of Michigan

Page 408

561 N.W.2d 408

221 Mich.App. 34

Donald WEEKLEY, Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant, v. Donald JAMESON, Defendant-Appellee, and Pioneer State Mutual Insurance Company, Garnishee

Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee.

PIONEER STATE MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee, v. Donald WEEKLEY, Defendant-Appellee/Cross-Appellant, and Donald Jameson and Alberta Jameson, Defendants-Appellees.

Docket Nos. 174786, 174787.

Court of Appeals of Michigan.

Submitted April 11, 1996, at Lansing.

Decided Jan. 7, 1997, at 9:00 a.m.

Released for Publication April 4, 1997.

Clark Shanahan by Victoria V. Kremski, Owosso, for Donald Weekley, Plaintiff-Appellee-Cross-Appellant in 174786, Defendant-Appellee-Cross-Appellant in 174787.

Terrance P. Dignan, Owosso, for Donald Jameson and Alberta Jameson, Defendants-Appellees in both appeals.

Terence J. O'Neill, Saginaw, for Pioneer Mutual Insurance Company, Garnishee-Defendant--Appellant-Cross-Appellee in 174786, Plaintiff-Appellant-Cross-Appellee in 174787.

Before MacKENZIE, P.J., and SAAD and C.F. YOUNGBLOOD ^*, JJ.

MacKENZIE, Presiding Judge.

In these consolidated cases, Pioneer State Mutual Insurance Company appeals as of right from an order granting summary dispositions for Donald Weekley and for Donald Jameson pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). We reverse.

Donald Weekley, who was born in 1971, brought a tort action alleging that his father, Donald Jameson, repeatedly sexually molested him during the years 1983 to 1986. The complaint sought damages for psychological harm. At the time he assaulted his son, Jameson, who suffered a closed head injury in 1978, was living with his mother, Alberta Jameson. Pioneer was Alberta Jameson's homeowner's insurer. Jameson's attorney tendered Weekley's lawsuit to Pioneer to defend under the policy. Pioneer denied coverage and refused to undertake the defense of the matter.

Weekley's action against Jameson was tried in a bench trial. The court found that Jameson had committed fellatio on his son somewhere between twenty-eight and eighty times between 1980 and 1984, and that Weekley had suffered severe emotional injuries as a result. The court further found that Jameson lacked the mental capacity to control his conduct or to comprehend the effect that his sexual misconduct would have on his son and that he did not intend to injure the youth. Weekley was awarded $150,000 in damages. He then obtained a writ of garnishment against Pioneer.

Pioneer subsequently filed a declaratory judgment action seeking a determination that it had no duty to indemnify Donald Jameson. Pioneer's policy excluded coverage for "bodily injury or property damage which is either expected or intended from the standpoint of the insured." ¹ The court concluded that this clause did not preclude coverage for Jameson's acts and therefore granted summary disposition in favor of Jameson and Weekley. In reaching this result, the court decided that Jameson had inflicted "bodily injury" upon his son, but that it was impossible to infer that he intended to harm the youth because the court in the underlying suit specifically found that he had not intended or expected to do so. The court, however, capped Pioneer's liability at $100,000, the policy limit for a covered "occurrence," by treating Jameson's sexual misconduct as a single occurrence rather than multiple occurrences under the policy.

Although the parties raise a number of issues on appeal, we find one to be determinative. We agree with Pioneer that coverage for Jameson's acts was excluded under the policy because, assuming that Weekley suffered bodily injury as a result of those acts, the injury was intended by Jameson as a matter of law.

For purposes of civil liability insurance, courts should infer the intent to injure as a matter of law when an adult sexually assaults a child. Fire Ins. Exchange v. Diehl, 450 Mich. 678, 689-690, 545 N.W.2d 602 (1996), and cases cited therein; State Mutual Ins. Co. v. Russell, 185 Mich.App. 521, 462 N.W.2d 785 (1990). See also Linebaugh v. Berdish, 144 Mich.App. 750, 762, 376 N.W.2d 400 (1985), and Auto-Owners Ins. Co. v. Gardipey, 173 Mich.App. 711, 714-715, 434 N.W.2d 220 (1988). This inference is not based on contract interpretation, Diehl, supra, p. 689, n. 3, 545 N.W.2d 602, but on public policy:

Generally, [the] courts reason that the inference of the intent to injure should be applied because the act of child molestation is inherently harmful. B.B. v. Continental Ins. Co., 8 F.3d 1288, 1293 (C.A.8, 1993).

"The [inferred-intent] approach ... stands for the proposition that a person who sexually manipulates a minor cannot expect his insurer to cover his misconduct and cannot obtain such coverage simply by saying that he did not mean any harm. The courts following the majority approach have concluded that sexual misconduct with a minor is objectively so substantially certain to result in harm to the minor victim, that the perpetrator cannot be allowed to escape society's determination that he or she is expected to know that. Hence, these courts infer the intent to harm as a matter of law in sexual misconduct liability insurance cases involving minors." [Id., quoting Whitt v. DeLeu, 707 F.Supp. 1011, 1016 (W.D.Wis.1989).]

[Diehl, supra, pp. 689-690, n. 4, 545 N.W.2d 602.]

We are of the opinion that the intent to injure should also be inferred as a matter of law where, as here, an adult with a diminished mental capacity sexually assaults a minor. Under the inferred-intent approach adopted by our Supreme Court in Diehl, supra, where the victim of an adult's sexual misconduct is a minor, the actor's capacity to know the wrongfulness of his acts is immaterial, and it is also immaterial that the actual injury caused is of a different character or magnitude from that intended. Whitt, supra, p. 1015. See also Fire Ins. Exchange v. Abbott, 204 Cal.App.3d 1012, 251 Cal.Rptr. 620 (1988); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Jarvis, 195 Ga.App. 335, 393 S.E.2d 489 (1990). Prior cases of this Court are in accord. In Russell, supra, pp. 527-528, 462 N.W.2d 785, for example, this Court held the insured child molester's "characterization of his acts as impulsive and the product of an illness to be of no moment," because the characterization did "not detract from the inference of harmful intent." Similarly, in Gardipey, supra, p. 712, 434 N.W.2d 220, a blood disorder had "progressively affected [the abuser's] mental capacity and ha[d] caused significant changes in his character." This Court nevertheless concluded that the inference, that as a matter of law child sexual abuse by an adult involves an intent to injure, remained applicable.

In this case, no one asserts that Jameson was unaware of the nature of his conduct at the time he sexually abused Weekley. As a matter of law, his intent to injure will be inferred, Diehl, supra, and the trial court's finding of mental infirmity does not affect that inference, Whitt, supra. Compare Miller v. Farm Bureau Mutual Ins. Co., 218 Mich.App. 221, 553 N.W.2d 371 (1996); Auto-Owners Ins. Co. v. Churchman, 440 Mich. 560, 489 N.W.2d 431 (1992). As noted in Diehl, supra, p. 689, n. 4, 545 N.W.2d 602, quoting B.B. v. Continental Ins. Co., supra, an adult who sexually abuses a minor cannot obtain insurance coverage "simply by saying that he did not mean any harm." Accordingly, we reverse the order of the trial court requiring Pioneer to indemnify Jameson.

Weekley argues that, by failing to raise the issue in its letter to Jameson denying coverage, Pioneer waived the contention that the intent to injure must be inferred as a matter of law. We disagree. It is true that where a liability insurer notifies an insured of denial of coverage on a specific basis, the insurer may be estopped from alleging additional bases for noncoverage at a later time. Lee v. Evergreen Regency Cooperative, 151 Mich.App. 281, 285, 390 N.W.2d 183 (1986). However, the rule is inapplicable to the circumstances of this case because it may not be used to create liability contrary to the express provisions of the parties' contract. Id., pp. 285-288, 390 N.W.2d 183. Here, Pioneer did not insure against the intentional acts of its insured. An insurer should not be required by waiver and estoppel to pay a loss for which it charged no premium. Id. Moreover, under St. Paul Ins. Co. v. Bischoff, 150 Mich.App. 609, 613, 389 N.W.2d 443 (1986), Pioneer did not abandon the issue of Jameson's inferred intent to harm Weekley by failing to reserve its rights to contest...