Weigand v. Afton View Apartments, 72-1340.

• Decision Date: 15 February 1973
• Docket Number: No. 72-1340.,72-1340.
• Citation: 473 F.2d 545
• Parties: Ronica R. WEIGAND, Appellant, v. AFTON VIEW APARTMENTS et al., Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

473 F.2d 545 (1973)

Ronica R. WEIGAND, Appellant, v. AFTON VIEW APARTMENTS et al., Appellees.

No. 72-1340.

United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.

Submitted January 9, 1973.

Decided February 15, 1973.

Reed C. Richards, St. Paul, Minn., for appellant.

Marvin G. Lind, Shear & Rooney, Ltd., St. Paul, Minn., for appellees.

Before MATTHES, Chief Judge, BRIGHT, Circuit Judge, and TALBOT SMITH,^* Senior District Judge.

BRIGHT, Circuit Judge.

Ronica R. Weigand occupies an apartment in a low-income housing complex funded under § 236 of the National Housing Act.¹ Weigand's landlord gave her notice to vacate the apartment upon expiration of her ensuing monthly lease, and thereafter brought an action for her eviction in a Minnesota court. Weigand commenced this civil rights action to enjoin further proceedings by her landlord and for other relief in federal court, contending that she could not be summarily evicted without good cause shown and a hearing thereon. Jurisdiction was invoked under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and under 28 U.S.C. § 1343(3) pursuant to a cause of action authorized under 42 U. S.C. § 1983. The district court, Chief Judge Devitt, dismissed the action for want of subject matter jurisdiction.

Thereafter, Weigand sought to amend her complaint to claim that the landlord, as an agent of the federal government, had deprived her of constitutional rights, thus giving rise to suit in federal court as a federal question under 28 U. S.C. § 1331 or as a civil action arising under an Act of Congress regulating commerce under 28 U.S.C. § 1337. Weigand also sought to join George Romney, as Secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development, and area and local HUD officials as defendants, thereby stating a further basis for federal jurisdiction as a civil suit against the United States under 28 U.S.C. § 1346 or as an action for mandamus against a federal officer under 28 U.S.C. § 1361. The district court denied these subsequent motions and Weigand has appealed from the court's dismissal of her action. We affirm.

Preliminarily, we examine appellant's assertion that "state action" in this case justifies a federal cause of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Weigand contends that the act of the landlord in ordering her to vacate without notice of cause and a hearing amounted to state action depriving her of a constitutional right to procedural due process under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. She alleges that the state became a participant with the landlord in the operation of the housing complex here in question by affording the landlord a 50 percent "tax break" on his real property pursuant to provisions of Minnesota law, Minn.Stat.Ann. § 273.13 Subd. 17 (Supp.1973).² The district court held that this factor alone was insufficient to establish any basis for a federal cause of action. Under the circumstances shown here, we agree.

A right to adequate housing is receiving increasing recognition in this Country. See Michelman, The Advent of a Right to Housing: A Current Appraisal, 5 Harv.Civ.Rights-Civ.Lib.L.Rev. 207 (1970). This recognition has been extended in cases where tenants have invoked federal jurisdiction under the Civil Rights Act³ to challenge threats of summary eviction upon termination of short-term leases. See McGuane v. Chenango Court, Inc., 431 F.2d 1189, 1190 (2nd Cir. 1970), cert. denied, 401 U.S. 994, 91 S.Ct. 1238, 28 L.Ed.2d 532 (1971); McClellan v. University Heights, Inc., 338 F.Supp. 374, 382-383 (D.R.I.1972); McQueen v. Druker, 317 F.Supp. 1122, 1129-1131 (D.Mass.1970), aff'd in part, 438 F.2d 781, 785-786 (1st Cir. 1971).

The jurisdictional success of the federal cause of action in such cases, however, is dependent upon more than a demonstrated infringement of protected rights. It has necessitated, as well, some showing of state involvement sufficient to satisfy the statutory requirement that the infringement has been perpetrated "under color of a statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of a State or Territory," sufficient to make it the state's own. The statute requires state action. See Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis, 407 U.S. 163, 172, 92 S.Ct. 1965, 32 L.Ed.2d 627 (1972); Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority, 365 U.S. 715, 721, 81 S.Ct. 856, 6 L.Ed. 2d 45 (1961); Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1, 13, 68 S.Ct. 836, 92 L.Ed. 1161 (1948).

The degree of state involvement in private conduct required to constitute state action has been an elusive standard. See Moose Lodge, supra, 407 U.S. at 172, 92 S.Ct. 1965; Reitman v. Mulkey, 387 U.S. 369, 380, 87 S.Ct. 1627, 18 L.Ed.2d 830 (1967). Even though a state does not itself engage in racial discrimination, it may transform discrimination by private enterprise into state action by becoming a symbiotic partner with such enterprise. Thus, state action was held to have occurred in Burton, supra, 365 U.S. 715, 81 S.Ct. 856, where the state granted a private restauranteur exclusive authority to operate his restaurant in a publicly owned and operated parking facility, and the proprietor refused service to Negroes. See Moose Lodge, supra, 407 U.S. at 175-177, 92 S. Ct. 1965. This has not meant, however, that every degree of state support or regulation underlying private discrimination constitutes state action.

Since state-furnished services include such necessities of life as electricity, water, and police and fire protection, such a holding would utterly emasculate the distinction between private as distinguished from state conduct * * *. Moose Lodge, supra, 407 U.S. at 173, 92 S.Ct. at 1971

Thus, the difficult but essential question of degree pervading "state action" cases must turn upon a careful analysis of the facts in a given case. Moose Lodge, supra, 407 U.S. at 172, 92 S.Ct. 1965; Burton, supra, 365 U.S. at 722, 81 S.Ct. 856.

We know of no case that would extend the state action concept to a federally financed but privately owned and operated apartment house merely because a state assesses real estate taxes on this property at a lower rate than that assessed equivalent structures not similarly funded.

In successful cases challenging summary evictions by private landlords where tax exemption has been alleged as state action, the facts have always disclosed substantial additional state involvement. In McQueen, supra, 317 F. Supp. at 1124-1125, 1130, and McClellan, supra, 338 F.Supp. at 381, the two cases cited by appellant most nearly on point, the facts disclosed that the housing projects in question were subject to continuous regulation. See also Male v. Crossroads Associates, 469 F.2d 616, 621 (2nd Cir. 1972). Such regulation has not been shown to have been present here.

Neither do we find that Lavoie v. Bigwood, 457 F.2d 7 (1st Cir. 1972), cited by appellant, supports her contention that utilization of eviction proceedings authorized by Minnesota's forcible detainer procedures, Minn.Stat.Ann. Ch. 566 (1947), affords a basis for a § 1983 suit grounded on state action. The way in which the Lavoie court framed the issue before it suggests why that case is distinguishable from the one at bar. The court said:

The critical issue is whether the confluence of court-ordered eviction and monopoly power created by zoning sufficiently implicates the state to be termed state action * * *. Id. at 10 (emphasis added).

Since state forcible detainer laws, in most instances, are applied neutrally on behalf of all landlords, they will not alone arise to a level of state action absent a showing that a state in applying its law is "privy to a private party's discriminatory purpose." Lavoie, supra, 457 F.2d at 11. See Griffin v. Maryland, 378 U.S. 130, 84 S.Ct. 1770, 12 L. Ed.2d 754 (1964) (state arrest and prosecution of blacks for using a privately owned amusement park open to the public); Shelley, supra, 334 U.S. 1, 68 S.Ct. 836, 92 L.Ed. 1161 (state court enforcement of a racially restrictive covenant).

Moreover, the significant entwinement between state regulations and a privately owned public utility's operations which was held to be sufficient state action to justify federal jurisdiction in Ihrke v. Northern States Power Co., 459 F.2d 566, 568-569 (8th Cir.), vacated for mootness, 409 U.S. 815, 93 S.Ct. 66, 34 L.Ed.2d 72 (1972), does not appear here. Accordingly, we hold that the facts stated in Weigand's complaint do not fall within the perimeters of "state action" as required for assertion of a federal civil rights claim under § 1983.

Anticipating an adverse ruling on her...