Weissman v. Sri Lanka Curry House, Inc.

• Decision Date: 07 May 1991
• Docket Number: No. C5-90-2201,C5-90-2201
• Citation: 469 N.W.2d 471
• Parties: 6 Indiv.Empl.Rts.Cas. (BNA) 713 Meeja S. WEISSMAN, Respondent, v. SRI LANKA CURRY HOUSE, INC., Appellant.
• Court: Minnesota Court of Appeals

Page 471

469 N.W.2d 471

6 Indiv.Empl.Rts.Cas. (BNA) 713

Meeja S. WEISSMAN, Respondent, v.SRI LANKA CURRY HOUSE, INC., Appellant.

No. C5-90-2201.

Court of Appeals of Minnesota.

May 7, 1991.

Syllabus by the Court

1.Statements of opinion are not absolutely privileged under the first amendment.

2.State common law principles govern defamation actions arising from statements made in a private employment setting.

David M. Anderson, Minneapolis, for appellant.

Gary A. Weissman, Minneapolis, for respondent.

Considered and decided by DAVIES, P.J., and LANSING and CRIPPEN, JJ.

OPINION

LANSING, Judge.

FACTS

Meeja Weissman sued Sri Lanka Curry House, her former employer, for defamation after a prospective employer requesting a reference was told that Weissman was "unreliable,""dishonest" and had "walked out."A jury found the statement that Weissman "walked out" was true; the statement that she was "unreliable" was false but not made with actual malice; and the statement that she was "dishonest" was false, was related to her business trade or profession, and was made with actual malice.The jury awarded her $4,000, and Sri Lanka Curry House appeals.We affirm.

ISSUES

1.Was the statement that Weissman was dishonest an absolutely privileged expression of opinion under the first amendment?

2.Does an employer's statement that a former employee was dishonest support an action for defamation?

ANALYSIS

I

On appeal, Sri Lanka Curry House does not challenge any of the jury's factual findings but argues that the characterization of Weissman as dishonest was opinion and, therefore, absolutely privileged under the first amendment.This argument is based on a line of cases interpreting language in Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323, 339-40, 94 S.Ct. 2997, 3007, 41 L.Ed.2d 789(1974):

Under the First Amendment there is no such thing as a false idea.However pernicious an opinion may seem, we depend for its correction not on the conscience of judges and juries but on the competition of other ideas.But there is no constitutional value in false statements of fact.

(Footnote omitted.)Federal courts have construed this language to mean that statements of fact can be actionable defamation, but statements of opinion cannot.See, e.g., Janklow v. Newsweek, Inc., 788 F.2d 1300, 1302(8th Cir.1986), cert. denied479 U.S. 883, 107 S.Ct. 272, 93 L.Ed.2d 249(1986).Minnesota courts also have adopted this interpretation of Gertz.SeeDiesen v. Hessburg, 455 N.W.2d 446, 450(Minn.1990), cert. denied--- U.S. ----, 111 S.Ct. 1071, 112 L.Ed.2d 1177(1991);Lee v. Metropolitan Airports Comm'n, 428 N.W.2d 815, 820(Minn.App.1988).

In Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., --- U.S. ----, ----, 110 S.Ct. 2695, 2706, 111 L.Ed.2d 1(1990), the Supreme Court rejected "the artificial dichotomy between 'opinion' and fact."Explaining that lower courts had misinterpreted the Gertz dictum, the Court stated:

[T]he fair meaning of the passage is to equate the word "opinion" in the second sentence with the word "idea" in the first sentence.Under this view, the language was merely a reiteration of Justice Holmes' classic "marketplace of ideas" concept.

Thus we do not think this passage from Gertz was intended to create a wholesale defamation exemption for anything that might be labeled "opinion."Not only would such an interpretation be contrary to the tenor and context of the passage, but it would also ignore the fact that expressions of "opinion" may often imply an assertion of objective fact.

Id. at ----, 110 S.Ct. at 2705(citations omitted).

The Court concluded that freedom of expression is adequately secured by existing constitutional safeguards for speech relating to public persons or public issues.Id. at ----, 110 S.Ct. at 2706;see, e.g., Philadelphia Newspapers, Inc. v. Hepps, 475 U.S. 767, 777, 106 S.Ct. 1558, 1564, 89 L.Ed.2d 783(1986)(common law presumption that defamatory speech is false cannot be applied when a plaintiff seeks damages from a media defendant for speech of public concern);Gertz, 418 U.S. at 342, 94 S.Ct. at 3008(public officials and public figures may not recover for defamatory falsehoods relating to their public conduct without showing clear and convincing evidence of actual malice).

These additional constitutional safeguards for public persons and public issues have not been extended to private plaintiff/private issue defamation actions.In Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc., 472 U.S. 749, 759, 105 S.Ct. 2939, 2945, 86 L.Ed.2d 593(1985), a plurality of the Court refused to extend public speech protections to purely private speech, noting that speech on wholly private matters is "of less First Amendment concern."

[T]he role of the Constitution in regulating state libel law is far more limited when the concerns that activated New York Times [v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 84 S.Ct. 710, 11 L.Ed.2d 686(1964) ] and Gertz are absent.In such a case, "[t]here is no threat to the free and robust debate of public issues; there is no potential interference with a meaningful dialogue of ideas concerning self-government; and there is no threat of liability causing a reaction of self-censorship by the press."

Id. at 759-60, 105 S.Ct. at 2945-46(quotingHarley-Davidson Motorsports, Inc. v. Markley, 279 Or. 361, 366, 568 P.2d 1359, 1363(1977))(citation and footnote omitted).

Because the Supreme Court has not extended constitutional protections for public speech to speech of purely private concern, and because Milkovich rejects a separate constitutional privilege for opinion, private plaintiff/private issue defamation actions must be analyzed under state common law principles.¹SeeRoffman v. Trump, 754 F.Supp. 411(E.D.Pa.1990);Lund v. Chicago & Northwestern Transp. Co., 467 N.W.2d 366(Minn.App.1991)(Crippen, J., dissenting).

II

Minnesota common law makes no distinction between "fact" and "opinion."A communication is defamatory if it causes enough harm to a person's reputation to lower the community's estimation of the individual or to deter others from associating or dealing with the individual.SeeGadach v. Benton County Co-op. Ass'n, 236 Minn. 507, 510, 53 N.W.2d 230, 232(1952);Restatement of TortsSec. 559(1938).Epithets or adjectives can constitute defamation if they imply a specific type of reprehensible conduct.Restatement of TortsSec. 567 comment a;see, e.g., Uhlman v. Farm, Stock & Home Co., 126 Minn. 239, 148 N.W. 102(1914)(describing plaintiffs as "a precious bunch of crooks" and "as straight as a rail fence and as honest as Ananias" was libelous);Wilkes v. Shields, 62 Minn. 426, 64 N.W. 921(1895)(statement that plaintiff was "a dangerous, able and seditious agitator" implied antisocial acts and was defamatory).

Under these principles, Sri Lanka Curry House's accusation of dishonesty is actionable defamation....