Wellford v. Ruckelshaus, No. 24434.

• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (District of Columbia)
• Writing for the Court: BAZELON, , and ROBINSON and ROBB, Circuit
• Citation: 439 F.2d 598
• Parties: Harrison WELLFORD et al., Petitioners, v. William D. RUCKELSHAUS, Respondent.
• Docket Number: No. 24434.
• Decision Date: 07 January 1971

439 F.2d 598 (1971)

Harrison WELLFORD et al., Petitioners,
v.
William D. RUCKELSHAUS, Respondent.

No. 24434.

United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit.

Argued November 18, 1970.

Decided January 7, 1971.

439 F.2d 599

COPYRIGHT MATERIAL OMITTED

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Mr. William A. Dobrovir, Washington, D. C., with whom Mr. James W. Moorman, Washington, D. C., was on the brief, for petitioners. Mrs. Joan M. Katz, Washington, D. C., also entered an appearance for petitioners

Mr. Raymond W. Fullerton, Atty., Department of Agriculture, with whom Messrs. Charles W. Bucy, Asst. Gen. Counsel, Department of Agriculture, and Alan S. Rosenthal, Atty., Department of Justice, were on the brief, for respondent.

Messrs. John D. Connor and Charles A. O'Connor, III, filed a brief on behalf of National Agricultural Chemicals Association, as amicus curiae.

Before BAZELON, Chief Judge, and ROBINSON and ROBB, Circuit Judges.

BAZELON, Chief Judge:

This is a petition for review of an order of the Secretary of Agriculture,¹ refusing to suspend the federal registration for certain purposes of the herbicide known as "2,4,5-T."

On the basis of recent studies indicating that 2,4,5-T may have serious toxic effects on man, animals, and plants, petitioners² filed with the Secretary a petition requesting him to take action under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).³ They asked him (1) to issue notices of cancellation commencing the administrative process that might terminate the federal registration of 2,4,5-T for all purposes, and (2) to suspend the registration of the herbicide for use around homes, lakes, and on food crops pending the conclusion of the administrative process.⁴ The Secretary informed petitioners that he had suspended its registration for use around lakes, and for use in liquid form around homes.⁵ He had issued notices of cancellation, but not suspension orders, with respect to its registration in two other categories: use in nonliquid form around homes, and use in any form on food crops.⁶ He concluded that he had no statutory authority to order further suspensions or cancellations, on the basis of his evaluation of the relevant scientific data.

In this court petitioners challenge the Secretary's decision not to suspend the registration of 2,4,5-T for use on food crops, and for use in nonliquid form around homes. They contend that the available scientific evidence compels the conclusion that continued use of 2,4,5-T around homes and on food crops creates an "imminent hazard to the public," and that consequently suspension is required by the FIFRA.

In Environmental Defense Fund, Inc. v. Hardin, we construed the judicial review provisions of the FIFRA, and held that the statute authorizes direct review in this court of an order denying suspension, at the instance of any person adversely affected.⁷ To facilitate review in that case, we remanded it to the Secretary for a statement of reasons for his

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decision.⁸ At the suggestion of the Secretary, we followed a similar course in this case, asking in addition for an explanation of the standard used to determine when a hazard is sufficiently "imminent" to warrant immediate suspension of a registration rather than commencement of ordinary cancellation proceedings

Our review of the Secretary's action is shaped both by general principles of administrative law, and by the nature of the particular administrative action at issue in this case. We begin with the proposition that, within broad limits, the administrator has latitude not merely to find facts, but also to set policy in the public interest. Like most regulatory statutes, the FIFRA confers broad discretion on the Secretary. It is particularly appropriate to defer to that discretion when the question at issue is a matter of interim relief, as it is in this case.⁹

Nevertheless, the court has an obligation to ensure that the administrator has made a reasoned decision, which conforms to the legislative language and purpose.¹⁰ And close scrutiny of administrative action is particularly appropriate when the interests at stake are not merely economic interests in a license or a rate structure, but personal interests in life and health.¹¹

With these various principles in mind, we turn to the decision of the Secretary in this case. He articulated standards for the exercise of the suspension power, made findings of fact concerning the herbicide 2,4,5-T, and applied his standards to reach a decision in this case.

The Secretary's criteria for suspension are not seriously challenged here. In his view, the power to suspend a registration in order "to prevent an imminent hazard to the public" is an emergency power, to be exercised only when there is a "public health situation which must be corrected immediately, and cannot be permitted to continue while a hearing is being held * * *."¹²

Although cancellation notices should issue as soon as the Secretary finds a substantial question concerning the safety of a registered product,¹³ he reserves the suspension power for cases in which serious and irreparable harm to the public health is likely to occur before the

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conclusion of the ordinary cancellation process

In order to apply his standard to a particular product, the Secretary must first determine what harm, if any, is likely to flow from the use of the product during the course of administrative proceedings. He must consider both the magnitude of the anticipated harm, and the likelihood that it will occur. Then, on the basis of that factual determination, he must decide whether the anticipated harm amounts to an "imminent hazard to the public."

Petitioners contend that the use of 2,4,5-T around...