Westmoreland Coal Co. v. Campbell, 0981-87-3

• Decision Date: 20 September 1988
• Docket Number: No. 0981-87-3,0981-87-3
• Citation: 372 S.E.2d 411,7 Va.App. 217
• Parties: WESTMORELAND COAL COMPANY v. Clyde C. CAMPBELL. Record
• Court: Virginia Court of Appeals

Page 411

372 S.E.2d 411

7 Va.App. 217

WESTMORELAND COAL COMPANY v. Clyde C. CAMPBELL.

Record No. 0981-87-3.

Court of Appeals of Virginia.

Sept. 20, 1988.

Michael F. Blair (Penn, Stuart, Eskridge & Jones, Abingdon, on brief), for appellant.

Stephen Vickers, Montgomery, for appellee.

Present: KOONTZ, C.J., and COLEMAN and MOON, JJ.

MOON, Judge.

Westmoreland Coal Company seeks reversal of an award allowing compensation for hearing loss to Clyde C. Campbell. We reverse the award on two separate grounds. First, we hold that the doctrine of collateral estoppel precludes any claim by Campbell to benefits for losses occurring before June 28, 1985. Secondly, we reverse that portion of the award allowing compensation for any hearing loss that occurred after June 28, 1985 because Campbell failed to show "to a reasonable medical certainty" that the hearing loss was caused by his employment.

Westmoreland Coal employed Campbell as a miner for nineteen years until his retirement on October 23, 1986. On April 27, 1985, before the enactment of Code § 65.1-46.1, ¹ he filed with the commission an application alleging that he had sustained a compensable hearing loss. Based on our holding in Belcher v. Hampton, 1 Va.App. 312, 338 S.E.2d 654 (1986), the commission in an opinion dated June 28, 1985, denied the appellant benefits for loss of hearing. Campbell returned to work until his retirement in October, 1986. Code § 65.1-46.1 became effective and Campbell filed a second application for benefits on October 14, 1986 after receiving another diagnosis of hearing loss on October 7, 1986. The commission ruled that because Campbell had returned to work, the doctrine of res judicata did not apply to bar his second application.

At a hearing on March 3, 1987, Campbell testified that during his career with Westmoreland Coal, he had been exposed, on a regular basis, to high noise levels within the coal mines. Campbell also testified that from 1945 to 1948 he had served in the Air Force, and for nearly one and a half years had worked on a crash line team at an airstrip. He further recounted that the noise level in the mines was much more severe than that at the airstrip. In addition, Campbell mentioned that occasionally he used a chain saw and a shotgun.

At the hearing, the commission considered two doctors' evaluations. Dr. Roger D. Neal explained:

It is my opinion that the hearing loss that Mr. Campbell has in his right ear is consistent with noise exposure but I am unable to say exactly which noise or what noise caused it but the pattern can certainly be consistent with one of loud noise exposure. The hearing loss that he has in his left ear is not 100% consistent with loud noise exposure in my opinion as the hearing loss in the lower frequencies is down more than what I would expect to see with him having as much remaining in his left ear. I have no definite explanation for that except that it may be inner ear related but it is not a typical pattern in his left ear of a pure noise induced hearing loss.

Dr. Claude Crockett also submitted a report in which he concluded that Mr. Campbell's hearing curve was "consistent with prolonged noise exposure in the mines." The report further asserted that the only non-employment factor which might have affected Campbell's hearing was the Air Force experience he had in 1945 through 1948.

We hold first that the commission erred by awarding benefits for a hearing loss that had occurred prior to June 28, 1985, the date on which the commission denied Campbell's first application. In Clinchfield Coal Co. v. Barton, --- Va.App. ----, 371 S.E.2d 39 (1988), this court held that Barton, who like Campbell had filed for and been denied benefits prior to the 1986 statutory changes, could not recover for the denied benefits after the statutory changes became effective even if he was exposed to job related noise after the first denial. We held that the doctrine of collateral estoppel barred Barton's subsequent application as to the previously adjudicated claims. In Childress v. Beatrice Pocahontas Co., 6 Va.App. 88, 366 S.E.2d 722 (1988), this court held that an individual who had filed for and been denied benefits prior to the recent statutory changes, could not file again for benefits after the changes became effective. There we held that the doctrine of res judicata barred the claimant's subsequent application. Thus, Campbell may assert a substantive claim only for the hearing loss he experienced from June 29, 1985, until October 23, 1986.

We find, however, that the claimant may not receive benefits for the period of work after the first judgment because he failed to show to a reasonable medical certainty that he suffered any additional hearing loss. Hearing loss was not compensable prior to 1986 unless induced by a sudden episode of acute trauma or unless it occurred as an incident of an occupational disease. Belcher v. Hampton, 1 Va.App. 312, 316, 338 S.E.2d 654, 656 (1986). As noted above, Code § 65.1-46.1 modified the law by providing:

An ordinary disease of life to which the general public is exposed outside of the employment may be treated as an occupational disease for purposes of this Act if it is established by clear and convincing evidence, to a reasonable medical certainty, that it arose out of and in the course of employment as provided in § 65.1-46 ² with respect to occupational diseases and did not result from causes outside of the employment, and that:

(1) It follows as an incident of occupational disease as defined in this title; or

(2) It is an infectious or contagious disease ...; or

(3) It is characteristic of the employment and was caused by conditions peculiar to such employment.

The question presented requires us to focus on the language of Code § 65.1-46.1 which states that a claimant must establish "by clear and convincing evidence, to a reasonable medical certainty, that it (the occupational disease) arose out of and in the course of employment." In our opinion, this standard of proof, and specifically that portion requiring that the evidence establish "to a reasonable medical certainty" the fact in issue, was not met in this case. To understand our conclusion, it is necessary to review some general principles regarding burdens of proof and how an appellate court reviews the issue of sufficiency of the evidence to support a decision.

The term "burden of proof" actually refers to two separate burdens: the burden of producing evidence and the burden of persuasion. When a party has the burden of producing evidence on an issue, that party should receive an adverse ruling on the issue as a matter of law unless he or she produces evidence which a reasonable mind could accept as proof of the fact in issue. If the party with the burden of production meets this standard, he or she is entitled to have the finder of fact then determine whether he or she has met the applicable burden of persuasion. In the paradigm civil case, there is no special burden of production (the proponent of the issue simply must produce evidence sufficient to support a finding on that issue), and the burden of persuasion is proof by a preponderance of the evidence. See generally, Bacon v. Bacon, 3 Va.App. 484, 488, 351 S.E.2d 37,...