Whatley v. State Of Ind.

• Decision Date: 08 June 2010
• Docket Number: No. 49S02-0908-CR-379.,49S02-0908-CR-379.
• Citation: 928 N.E.2d 202
• Parties: Walker WHATLEY, Appellant (Defendant below),v.STATE of Indiana, Appellee (Plaintiff below).
• Court: Indiana Supreme Court

928 N.E.2d 202

Walker WHATLEY, Appellant (Defendant below),v.STATE of Indiana, Appellee (Plaintiff below).

No. 49S02-0908-CR-379.

Supreme Court of Indiana.

June 8, 2010.

Victoria L. Bailey, Indianapolis, IN, Attorney for Appellant.

Gregory F. Zoeller, Attorney General of Indiana, Angela N. Sanchez, Deputy Attorney General, Indianapolis, IN, Attorneys for Appellee.

On Petition to Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals, No. 49A02-0809-CR-808

SULLIVAN, Justice.

The Legislature has declared that if a person commits certain drug offenses within 1,000 feet of a “youth program center,” the penal consequences are enhanced. Defendant Walker Whatley committed such an offense within 1,000 feet of a church with an active youth program. The church constituted a “youth program center” for purposes of the enhancement.

Background

The facts most favorable to the conviction indicate that in March, 2008, Whatley was arrested at his home on a warrant issued in an unrelated case. During a search incident to arrest, the arresting officer discovered a bag containing 3.2459 grams of cocaine in Whatley's pocket. In relevant part, the State charged Whatley with possession of cocaine as a Class A felony. Possession of cocaine is ordinarily a Class C felony, but possession of three grams or more of cocaine within 1,000 feet of a youth program center elevates the offense to a Class A felony. Ind.Code § 35-48-4-6. Whatley's home, where the arrest occurred, was located approximately 795 feet from Robinson Community Church (“RCC”). Whether RCC qualifies as a “youth program center” for the purpose of triggering the elevation to a Class A felony is the central issue of this appeal.

The jury found that the enhancement was supported by the evidence and the court sentenced Whatley to a term of 35 years.¹ Whatley appealed and the Court of Appeals reversed his conviction on the grounds that RCC did not qualify as a “youth program center.” The Court of Appeals found that RCC's hosting of various programs for children did not change its status as a church; thus, removing it from the ambit of the statute's intended coverage for purposes of the sentence enhancement. Whatley v. State, 906 N.E.2d 259 (Ind.Ct.App.2009). The Court of Appeals remanded the case with instructions to enter the conviction as a Class C felony and sentence Whatley accordingly.

The State sought, and we granted, transfer. Ind. Appellate Rule 58(A).

Discussion

I

Whatley first contends that his conviction for Class A felony possession of cocaine, grounded on his possession being within 1,000 feet of a youth program center, should be reversed because the criminal statute and the statute defining a youth program center are unconstitutionally vague as applied to him. He asserts that there was nothing about RCC that would put a person of ordinary intelligence on notice that it was a youth program center.² Specifically, Whatley argues that RCC bears no objective indicia signaling its designation as a protected area; therefore, the statute is unconstitutional as applied to him because there was no way for him to know that he was within the proscribed distance of an “unmarked youth program center.” (Appellant's Br. 7.) Relying on Indiana case law, Whatley insists that due process demands a bright-line rule for what structures will trigger the sentence enhancement when the protected area is a youth program center.

The phrase “youth program center” is defined by statute as “(1) A building or structure that on a regular basis provides recreational, vocational, academic, social, or other programs or services for persons less than eighteen (18) years of age[;] (2) [t]he real property on which a building or structure described in subdivision (1) is located.” I.C. § 35-41-1-29.

Relying on our decision in Walker v. State, 668 N.E.2d 243 (Ind.1996), the Court of Appeals rejected Whatley's vagueness claim on grounds that the law does not require knowledge of presence within a school-zone in order to trigger the sentence enhancement. In Walker, we held that presence in a school-zone was a strict-liability element. Id. at 244-45. While the Court of Appeals correctly notes that Walker established that drug offenders need not be aware of their presence within a protected area, Whatley's vagueness claim cannot be disposed of on this ground alone.

Walker addressed whether the school-zone elevation in the dealing in cocaine statute, Indiana Code section 35-48-4-1(b)(3), required proof of any mens rea to obtain an enhanced sentence. But the need for proof of mens rea-the precise issue addressed and answered in Walker-is not the same as the constitutional requirement against vagueness. For a statute to avoid constitutional infirmity on vagueness grounds, it must provide the person of ordinary intelligence with notice of what conduct is prohibited.³

In Polk v. State, 683 N.E.2d 567 (Ind.1997), we addressed the defendant's argument that an earlier version of the school-zone statute was unconstitutionally vague as applied to him.⁴ Polk argued that the statute did not reasonably inform average people that they would be subject to enhanced penalties for possessing drugs while stopped for a traffic violation in a protected area. Addressing his vagueness claim, we held that “[t]he school-zone enhancement, far from being unconstitutionally vague, quite clearly communicates to drug offenders a bright[-]line rule as to what conduct is proscribed. Thus a federal constitutional challenge on this ground is meritless.” Id. at 572 (citing Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352, 357, 103 S.Ct. 1855, 75 L.Ed.2d 903 (1983)).⁵

Whatley's vagueness claim focuses on the statute's requirement that programs or services be provided on a “regular” basis. While it is true that “regular” is susceptible to numerous meanings, the Constitution does not demand a statute free of ambiguities, but instead one that will put a person of ordinary intelligence on notice or provide objective criteria for determining whether one is within a protected area. See State v. Winot, 294 Conn. 753, 988 A.2d 188, 194 (2010) (“Because perfect precision is neither possible nor required ... the [vagueness] doctrine does not mandate the invalidation of all imprecisely drafted statutes. Simply put, [w]hile some ambiguous statutes are the result of poor draftsmanship, it is apparent that in many instances the uncertainty is merely attributable to a desire not to nullify the purpose of the legislation by the use of specific terms which would afford loopholes through which many could escape.” (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)).

There are likely hypothetical scenarios in which the definition of “youth program center” would be unconstitutionally vague, but vagueness challenges are challenges that statutes are unconstitutional as-applied, not on their faces. See Evangelatos v. Superior Court, 44 Cal.3d 1188, 246 Cal.Rptr. 629, 753 P.2d 585, 592 (1988) (“Many, probably most, statutes are ambiguous in some respects and instances invariably arise under which the application of statutory language may be unclear. So long as a statute does not threaten to infringe on the exercise of First Amendment or other constitutional rights, however, such ambiguities, even if numerous, do not justify the invalidation of a statute on its face.”); accord Alcalde v. State, 74 P.3d 1253, 1260-61 (Wyo.2003). Here, Whatley could have objectively discovered RCC's status as a youth program center by observing young people entering and exiting the building on a regular basis-in fact, his residence faced RCC's entrance. Whatley could have contacted RCC to inquire whether programs were offered for youth on a regular basis. And under Walker, it is of no import here that Whatley was unaware of the existence of a youth program center. It is, therefore, not dispositive that RCC did not have a sign indicating it was a youth program center, or that Whatley did not realize that RCC regularly provided services and programs to young people; an objective observer could discern that the activities occurring at RCC qualified it as a youth program center by observing children entering and exiting the building on a regular basis or by contacting RCC to determine whether it offered programs to young people on a regular basis. The statute is not vague as applied to these facts.

II

Whatley contends that his Class A felony conviction is not supported by sufficient evidence. Specifically, Whatley argues that because the State failed to prove that RCC qualifies as a youth program center under Indiana Code section 35-41-1-29, his sentence should be reduced to a Class C felony.

Relying on principles of zoning law, the Court of Appeals held that the principal character and use of a structure “is not changed by some ancillary or accessory use.” Whatley, 906 N.E.2d at 262. Applying these principles to RCC, the Court of Appeals found it significant that evidence at trial revealed that all of the youth program services and events were essentially faith based. Thus, it held that RCC's principal identity or purpose was as a church; it was not converted into a youth program center by reason of its incidental and auxiliary faith-based activities for young people.

We disagree with our colleagues and find that neither the religious content of the programs offered by RCC nor the other uses of the building are relevant to whether RCC meets the statutory definition of a “youth program center.” The statute neither explicitly nor implicitly places any limitation on the content of the programs offered or the purposes for which children are present. The only relevant characteristic of the programs and services offered by RCC were whether they were programs provided on a regular basis for persons less than eighteen years of age.

The evidence produced at trial showed that RCC regularly held the following youth programs:

(1) “Amani (sic) church services” several Sundays out of the month, targeted for young people age

...