Wheeler v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 3-6
| Decision Date | 25 February 1957 |
| Docket Number | No. 3-6,Dockets 23839-23842.,3-6 |
| Citation | 241 F.2d 883 |
| Parties | Robert C. WHEELER, Wesley L. Wheeler, Howard E. Wheeler and Eugene M. Wheeler, Petitioners, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit |
McGuigan & Kilcullen, New York City (Richard Kilcullen, New York City, of counsel), for petitioners.
Charles K. Rice, Acting Asst. Atty. Gen. (Lee A. Jackson, Robert N. Anderson and L. W. Post, Attys., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D. C., of counsel on the brief), for respondent.
Before CLARK, Chief Judge, and LUMBARD and WATERMAN, Circuit Judges.
This appeal raises two main issues: (1) Whether shareholders and shareholder-officers who advance money to the corporation, thereby creating bona fide debts, may obtain business bad debt deductions under § 23(k), Internal Revenue Code of 1939, when the corporation becomes unable to pay its debts; (2) whether a loss on the shareholders' guaranties of the corporation's debts to a third party is deductible as a loss under § 23(e) or only as a non-business bad debt under § 23(k) (4), Internal Revenue Code of 1939, and whether the loss was incurred in 1946. The Tax Court found for the Commissioner on all issues, T. C. Memo 1955-138, and we affirm.
Taxpayers Howard E. Wheeler and his three sons, have all been in the ship-building business as a family since 1919. Since that time they have been involved in many business enterprises — partnership and corporate — all centered on ship-building. The Wheelers have developed a reputation for their boats as a family product. In 1941, they organized Wheeler Shipbuilding Corp. to handle wartime contracts. The Wheelers owned all of the corporation's stock and the three sons were officers. After the war, in 1946, the family decided to continue the business and found it necessary to make advances to the corporation. They also individually guaranteed a good many of the corporation's loans to the bank, pledging their stock as collateral.
The business affairs of Wheeler Shipbuilding Corp. worsened, and in November 1946 the bank called its loan and notified all parties that it would take over the pledged stock. In December the corporation filed a petition for reorganization under Chapter XI of the Bankruptcy Act and in 1947 was adjudged bankrupt. On their 1946 returns taxpayers sought to take bad debt deductions for the advances and loss deductions for their guaranties to the bank. As to the guaranties they claim that the bank's taking their stock over in 1946 constituted the event necessary to establish the loss in that year.
The Tax Court found that these debts, although they may have been related to some business interests of the taxpayers, were not incurred in the trade or business of the taxpayer in the special sense of § 23(k). This conclusion is amply supported by recent decisions in this circuit. Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Schaefer, 2 Cir., 240 F.2d 381; Commissioner v. Smith, 2 Cir., 1953, 203 F.2d 310. The only instance where a...
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