Whitford v. County of Clark

• Decision Date: 20 December 1886
• Citation: 7 S.Ct. 306,30 L.Ed. 500,119 U.S. 522
• Parties: WHITFORD v. COUNTY OF CLARK. 1
• Court: U.S. Supreme Court

119 U.S. 522

7 S.Ct. 306

30 L.Ed. 500

WHITFORD v. COUNTY OF CLARK.¹

December 20, 1886.

J. B. Henderson, Clinton Rowell, and H. A. Clover, for plaintiff in error.

M. G. Reynolds, W. H. Hatch, J. M. Lewis, and Thos. J. C. Flagg, for defendant in error.

WAITE, C. J.

In this case the trial was by the court, a jury having been waived. The record presents a special finding of facts, and certain exceptions to the rulings of the court on the admissibility of testimony. Upon the facts as found we should have had no hesitation in affirming the judgment, but in the rulings excepted to there was error. As part of the evidence on which the findings were made, the court, against the objections of Whitford, the plaintiff in error, allowed a deposition of N. T. Cherry, taken de bene esse under section 863 of the Revised Statutes, to be read, when it was made to appear before the reading that the witness was himself actually present in court, ready and able to testify in the case if called. From the opinion filed on the decision of a motion for a new trial, (Whitford v. Clark Co., 13 Fed. Rep. 837,) it appears that the court held the rule on this point 'to be that when a deposition in a civil action has been duly taken, because the witness resides more than one hundred miles distant, said deposition is admissible, subject, however, to the right of the adverse party to place him on the witness stand if present. Such is understood to be the true rule, although decided cases are not fully in accord.' But by section 865 of the Revised Statutes it is expressl provided that, 'unless it appears to the satisfaction of the court that the witness is then dead, or gone out of the United States, or to a greater distance than one hundred miles from the place where the court is sitting, or that, by reason of age, sickness, bodily in firmity, or imprisonment, he is unable to travel and appear at court, such deposition shall not be used in the cause.' This was first enacted in the judiciary act of September 24, 1789, c. 20, § 30, (1 St. 90,) and it has been in force from that time until now.

In Patapsco Ins. Co. v. Southgate, 5 Pet. 617, it was said, in reference to this provision, that 'the act declares expressly that, unless the same (that is, the disability) shall be made to appear on the trial, such deposition shall not be admitted or used in the cause. This inhibition does not extend to the deposition of a witness living a greater distance from the place of trial than one hundred miles, he being considered permanently beyond a compulsory attendance. The deposition in such case may not always be absolute, for the party against whom it is to be used may prove that the witness has removed within the reach of a subpoena after the deposition was taken; and, if that fact was known to the party, he would be bound to procure his personal attendance. The onus, however, of proving this would rest upon the party opposing the admission of the deposition in evidence. It is therefore a deposition taken de bene esse.' And in The Samuel, 1 Wheat. 15, Chief Justice MARSHALL said, a deposition taken under the statute de bene esse 'can be read only when the witness himself is unattainable.' See, also, Harris v. Wall, 7 How. 693, and Rutherford v. Geddes, 4 Wall. 224.

It thus appears to have been established at a very early date that depositions taken de bene esse could not be used in any case at the trial, if the presence of the witness himself was actually attainable, and the party offering the deposition knew it, or ought to have known it. If the...