Whitt v. City of Rockford, Ill.
Decision Date | 21 October 1988 |
Docket Number | No. 84 C 20116.,84 C 20116. |
Parties | Simmie WHITT, Plaintiff, v. CITY OF ROCKFORD, ILL., et al., Defendants. |
Court | U.S. District Court — Northern District of Illinois |
Peter T. Sullivan, III, Daniel J. Cain, Sreenen & Cain, P.C., Rockford, Ill., for plaintiff.
Franklin C. Cook, Charles E. Box, Kathleen Elliott, City of Rockford Dept. of Law, Rockford, Ill., for defendants.
Before the court is defendants' motion for summary judgment. Plaintiff is suing the City of Rockford, its police chief and a number of its police officers for an alleged deprivation of his constitutional rights. Plaintiff filed this action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 in connection with an incident which occurred on January 25, 1984 in Rockford, Illinois. The incident involved a warrantless entry by the police into an apartment where plaintiff resided. Plaintiff was shot by a Rockford police officer shortly after the entry.
Five days before the entry into plaintiff's apartment, a woman was assaulted while shopping at O'Donnell's Foods on Rockford's west side. She had been struck in the face with a gun by a black woman accompanied by a black man. Witnesses observed the pair leaving in an older model green Chevrolet Impala with a shotgun being pointed out the window of the car by the driver.
A license check was run on the car. It indicated that the car was registered in the name of John Moore whose address was shown as 210½ Ogden, Rockford, Illinois. Defendant Officer Scheffels, who was investigating the incident, contacted Mr. Moore. Moore denied any participation in the incident at O'Donnell's saying that he had loaned his car to an acquaintance named Jeff. The victim of the crime disappeared and officers did not pursue the matter.
Late in the evening of January 25, 1984, a call came in for police assistance at 236 North Independence Avenue. Charles Blissit had notified the police that three black men had just been at that address. The three men were described as all being armed with one carrying a rifle. Blisset had been with the woman who was assaulted at O'Donnell's earlier in the week. He identified one of the armed men as the black male involved in the incident at O'Donnell's.
While the police were responding to the incident on Independence Avenue, there was a report of a shooting at 1827 Green Street, which is about five blocks from the Independence Avenue occurrence.2 The victim, Roger Purifoy, was shot in the bathroom of his girlfriend's apartment. He told the police that the assailants were three black men, all of whom were armed, one of whom was carrying a rifle or shotgun type of gun.
Officer Scheffels was on duty the night of these two occurrences. He went to the vicinity of the Green Street incident although he did not talk to the victim or any witnesses. He did not go to the Independence Avenue incident. When he heard the information broadcast from the Independence Avenue incident, he responded by broadcasting the information he had acquired through his investigation of the O'Donnell's incident. The police gathered at John Moore's address. Moore's car was parked in front of the residence and there were lights on in his apartment.
Defendant Sergeant Roger Smith came to Moore's residence from the Green Street shooting. He decided they should attempt to gain entry to Moore's apartment consensually if possible but by force if necessary. Two of the officers were assigned to the front of the building while the other five converged on the rear entrance located at the top of some exterior stairs.
When the defendants got to the top of the stairs outside of the apartment, they heard loud and excited conversation from within the apartment. The individuals inside the apartment were discussing guns and were talking about a shooting. The defendants also heard the sounds of a shotgun being "jacked" and guns being played with.
Defendant Officer McDonald then knocked on the door and announced himself as the police. He repeated his knock and announcement, in response to which the door was opened from within. The individual who opened the door attempted to shut the door whereupon the officers forced the door open and moved inside the apartment into the kitchen area.
Immediately after entering the apartment, Officer McDonald noticed an adult male coming into the kitchen carrying a shotgun. Officer McDonald shot his handgun at the person carrying the shotgun wounding him in the arm. The person shot is plaintiff, Simmie Whitt.
Plaintiff alleges that defendants violated plaintiff's constitutional rights when defendants entered the apartment without a warrant and allegedly without probable cause or exigent circumstances. Defendants move for summary judgment arguing that probable cause and exigent circumstances were present when they entered the apartment. Defendants argue further that even if probable cause and exigent circumstances were not present, they are entitled to qualified immunity for their actions.
OPINION"The doctrine of qualified immunity shields government officials performing discretionary functions from liability for civil damages." Klein v. Ryan, 847 F.2d 368, 371 (7th Cir.1988). Bradshaw v. Zebella, 1987 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10166, 3 (N.D.Ill.1987) 1987 WL 19545, 1 (quoting Harlow, 457 U.S. at 818, 102 S.Ct. at 2738).
In the Bradshaw case cited above, Judge Alesia discussed the purposes of qualified immunity and more particularly, its purposes in the context of lawsuits against law enforcement officials. As Judge Alesia stated:
Bradshaw, 1987 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10166 at 4, 5 1987 WL 19545 at 2.
Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 107 S.Ct. 3034, 3039, 97 L.Ed.2d 523 (1987). Therefore, to resolve the qualified immunity question this court must determine whether on January 25, 1984 the law governing probable cause and exigent circumstances in the context of warrantless home entries was established with sufficient clarity such that "officers of reasonable competence could disagree" whether the law required a warrant to enter the apartment. Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 106 S.Ct. 1092, 1096, 89 L.Ed.2d 271 (1986).
The Supreme Court in Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 100 S.Ct. 1371, 63 L.Ed.2d 639 (1980), stated "it is a basic principle of Fourth Amendment law that searches and seizures inside a home without a warrant are presumptively unreasonable." Payton, 100 S.Ct. at 1380. The Payton Court further held that the presumption could be rebutted if probable cause and exigent circumstances were present at the time of the warrantless entry. Payton, 100 S.Ct. at 1380-82.
In analyzing whether probable cause exists, it is important to consider that the "determination of probable cause does not rest...
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Moore v. Sheahan
...and announcing is, after all, one way that officers can gain consent to enter and search a home. See, e.g. Whitt v. City of Rockford, Ill., 700 F. Supp. 391, 396 (N.D. Ill. 1988) (describing how officers knocked and announced themselves in an attempt to gain entry by consent). In any event,......