Wilcoxon v. WAYNE CTY. NEIGHBORHOOD LEGAL SERVICES, Docket No. 221479.

• Decision Date: 29 October 2002
• Docket Number: Docket No. 221479.
• Citation: 252 Mich. App. 549,652 N.W.2d 851
• Parties: D. Etta WILCOXON, Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant-Cross-Appellee, v. WAYNE COUNTY NEIGHBORHOOD LEGAL SERVICES, Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee-Cross-Appellant.
• Court: Court of Appeal of Michigan — District of US

652 N.W.2d 851

252 Mich. App. 549

D. Etta WILCOXON, Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant-Cross-Appellee, v. WAYNE COUNTY NEIGHBORHOOD LEGAL SERVICES, Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee-Cross-Appellant.

Docket No. 221479.

Court of Appeals of Michigan.

Submitted March 14, 2002, at Detroit.

Decided August 23, 2002, at 9:05 a.m.

Released for Publication October 29, 2002.

Lawrence N. Radden, Detroit, for the plaintiff.

Garan Lucow Miller, P.C. (by Robert D. Goldstein and Mark Shreve), Detroit, for the defendant.

Before: JANSEN, P.J., and HOLBROOK, JR., and RICHARD ALLEN GRIFFIN, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Defendant Wayne County Neighborhood Legal Services (WCNLS) appeals by leave granted from an order of the circuit court denying its motion for mandatory dismissal of plaintiff's lawsuit for failure to follow the procedures set forth in MCR 2.403(N). We affirm.

In her eight-count first amended complaint, plaintiff alleges that she was initially hired by WCNLS as an administrative assistant. Plaintiff asserts that sometime later, defendant altered plaintiff's employment by expanding her duties to include the writing of grant proposals. Plaintiff alleges that the terms of her compensation were also changed to include a ten-percent commission on any grant monies received as a result of her efforts. Plaintiff further alleges that in 1995 defendant was awarded $671,500 in grants from proposals written by plaintiff. Plaintiff asserts that pursuant to the terms of her employment, she was due $67,500 in commission for 1995. Plaintiff alleges, however, that she was constructively discharged in order to avoid the payment of this commission.

In response to a motion by defendant, the circuit court summarily dismissed three of plaintiff's eight claims. The remaining five claims alleged fraudulent and innocent misrepresentation, breach of oral or implied-in-fact contract, promissory estoppel, and unjust enrichment.

On April 12, 1999, a mediation hearing was held.¹ The mediation panel unanimously found that plaintiff's complete cause of action was frivolous. In so doing, the panel referred to MCR 2.403(K)(4)(b) as support for its determination. Plaintiff did not file a motion asking for the circuit court to review de novo the panel's finding, but did file a motion to remediate, which was denied by the court. The court also denied defendant's motion for summary disposition. Defendant had argued that the remaining claims should be summarily dismissed under MCR 2.116(C)(10), because plaintiff's employment contract did not permit oral modification of its terms, thereby precluding plaintiff's claim for a ten-percent commission.

After receiving plaintiff's rejection of the mediation evaluation, defendant moved to dismiss plaintiff's case, arguing that MCR 2.403(N)(3) mandates dismissal because plaintiff failed to post the bond required by the court rule. The circuit court denied defendant's motion.

Defendant argues on appeal that the circuit court erred in denying its motion to dismiss under MCR 2.403(N)(3), because plaintiff did not follow the mandates of the court rule that required her to move for review of the mediation evaluation within fourteen days after the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) clerk sent notification of the case evaluation and post the required cash or surety bond. We reject this argument. MCR 2.403(K)(4) states² in pertinent part: "In a tort case to which M.C.L. § 600.4915(2) ... or M.C.L. § 600.4963(2)... applies, if the panel unanimously finds that a party's action ... as to any other party is frivolous, the panel shall so indicate on the evaluation."³ MCL 600.4915 and M.C.L. § 600.4963 set forth procedures to be followed in medical malpractice and tort action mediation, respectively. In identical language, subsection 2 of each of these statutes indicates that "[i]f the action proceeds to trial, the party who has been determined to have a frivolous action or defense shall post a cash or surety bond, approved by the court, in the amount of $5,000.00 for each party against whom the action or defense was determined to be frivolous." MCL 600.4915(2); MCL 600.4963(2).

This statutory language is mirrored in MCR 2.403(N)(3), which at the time this action was mediated stated that "[e]xcept as provided in subrule (2), if a party's claim ... was found to be frivolous under subrule (K)(4), that party shall post a cash or surety bond, pursuant to MCR 3.604, in the amount of $5,000 for each party against whom the action ... was determined to be frivolous." Additionally, MCR 2.403(N)(2) provides, "If a party's claim... was found to be frivolous under subrule (K)(4), that party may request that the court review the panel's finding by filing a motion within 14 days after the ADR clerk sends notice of the rejection of the case evaluation award." The circuit court concluded that because plaintiff's action sounded in contract and not tort, MCR 2.403(N) did not apply.

We agree with this conclusion. An examination of plaintiff's complaint shows that three of her remaining claims clearly sounded in contract, not tort. Plaintiff sought recovery under theories of breach of an express oral or implied-in-fact contract, quasi-contract (plaintiff's unjust enrichment claim), and promissory estoppel. Plaintiff's two remaining claims, however, sounded in tort.⁴ Resolution of this appeal turns on an interpretation of MCR 2.403(K)(4), specifically the phrase, "tort case." Interpretation of a court rule is a question of law that this Court reviews de novo. CAM Constr. v. Lake Edgewood Condominium Ass'n, 465 Mich. 549, 553, 640 N.W.2d 256 (2002). When interpreting a court rule, we apply the same rules as when we engage in statutory interpretation. Id. at 553, 640 N.W.2d 256. The overriding goal of judicial interpretation of a court rule is to give effect to the intent of the authors. See Bio-Magnetic Resonance, Inc. v. Dep't of Public Health, 234 Mich.App. 225, 229, 593 N.W.2d 641 (1999). The starting point of this endeavor is the language of the court rule. Id. If the language of the court rule is clear and unambiguous, then no further interpretation is required or allowed. CAM Constr, supra at 554, 640 N.W.2d 256. However, when reasonable minds can differ on the meaning of the language of the rule, then judicial construction is appropriate. Benedict v. Dep't of Treasury, 236 Mich.App. 559, 563, 601 N.W.2d 151 (1999).

In CAM Constr, our Supreme Court addressed the meaning of the words "claim" and "action" with regard to subrule M(1) of MCR 2.403. After examining the common legal meaning of the terms by consulting Black's Law Dictionary (7th ed.), the Court concluded that "according to the plain meaning of these words, a claim consists of facts giving rise to a right asserted in a judicial proceeding, which is an action. In other words, the action encompasses the claims asserted." CAM Constr, supra at 555, 640 N.W.2d 256.⁵

While the definition of action cited in CAM Constr includes both a "civil or criminal proceeding," MCR 2.403(A) makes clear that the type of action to which the court rule applies is a civil action. "Civil action" is defined by the same edition of Black's referenced in CAM Constr as "[a]n action brought to enforce, redress, or protect a private or civil right; a noncriminal litigation." Black's, supra at 30. The question before us is how to understand the phrase "tort case" within the context of the court rule and the CAM Constr Court's affirmative categorical statement regarding claims and actions.

A "case" is defined as "[a] proceeding, action, suit, or controversy at law or in equity." Id. at 206. Thus, as the terms are commonly used, "civil case" and "civil action" can be treated as synonymous. Accordingly, a civil case would also encompass the civil claims asserted. Further, a "civil action," as defined above, is a broad category that includes a variety of subcategories.⁶ The term "civil case" also circumscribes a broad category of legal actions, each of which can consist of one or more claims. In this context, the use of the modifier "tort" signals the intent to identify a distinct type of civil case or action, made up of one or more claims based on tort law. In essence, "tort case" identifies what is known as an action ex delicto, i.e., a "personal action arising out of a tort." Id. at 29. There is nothing in the language used in the court r...