William Teal, Plaintiff In Error v. Mary Felton, By Her Next Friend, Charles Hicks

• Citation: 13 L.Ed. 990,12 How. 284,53 U.S. 284
• Parties: WILLIAM W. TEAL, PLAINTIFF IN ERROR, v. MARY C. FELTON, BY HER NEXT FRIEND, CHARLES T. HICKS
• Decision Date: 01 December 1851
• Court: United States Supreme Court

53 U.S. 284 12 How. 284 13 L.Ed. 990 WILLIAM W. TEAL, PLAINTIFF IN ERROR, v. MARY C. FELTON, BY HER NEXT FRIEND, CHARLES T. HICKS. December Term, 1851

THIS Case was brought up from the Supreme Court of the

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State of New York, by a writ of error, issued under the 25th section of the Judiciary Act.²

Teal, the plaintiff in error, was postmaster in Syracuse, in the State of New York, and the case arose in the following manner:

The 13th section of the act of 1825 (4 Stat. at L., 105), provided as follows: 'Any memorandum which shall be written on a newspaper, or other printed paper, pamphlet, or magazine, and transmitted by mail, shall be by mail, shall be charged with letter-postage.' And the 30th section of the same act (4 Stat. at L., 111), provided as follows: 'If any person shall inclose or conceal a letter or other thing, or any memorandum in writing, in a newspaper, pamphlet, or magazine, or in any package of newspapers, &c., &c., or make any writing or memorandum thereon, which he shall have delivered into any postoffice, or to any person for that purpose, in order that the same may be carried by post free of letter-postage, he shall forfeit the sum of five dollars for every such offense, and the letter, newspaper, package, memorandum, or other thing shall not be delivered to the person to whom it is directed, until the amount of single letter-postage is paid for each article of which the package is composed.'

The act of 1845, sections 1, 2, and 16, fixes the rates of postage upon letters and newspapers, and defines a newspaper to be 'a printed publication issued in numbers, consisting of not more than two sheets, and published at short intervals of not more than a month, conveying intelligence of passing events, and the bon a fide extras and supplements of any such publication.'

On the 4th of December, 1846, the Postmaster-General issued the following circular:

'To Postmasters:

'I am directed by the Postmaster-General to call your special attention to the multiplied and increasing attempts to violate the laws and defraud the revenue, by writing on the wrappers, margin, or other portion of newspapers, pamphlets, and magazines, sent by mail.

'The cheap postage system has removed every reasonable excuse for violating or evading the law, and too much vigilance cannot be exercised by postmasters to detect and punish the offenders; and public sentiment, when well informed, will not fail to sustain you in the faithful discharge of this duty, which is as imperative upon you as any other. That frauds of this kind may be detected and traced to their origin, you are particularly instructed to stamp, or mark in writing, any transient (by which is meant all not regularly sent to subscribers) newspapers, pamphlets, or magazines, with the name of the office and the amount of postage.

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'The wrappers of all such newspapers, pamphlets, and magazines, when they have reached their destination, should be carefully removed, and if upon inspection found to contain any manuscript or memorandum of any kind, either written or stamped, or by marks or signs made in any way, either upon any newspapers, printed circular, pricecurrent, pamphlet, or magazine, or the wrapper in which it is inclosed, by which information shall be asked for or communicated, except the name and address of the person to whom it is directed, such newspaper, printed circular, price-current, pamphlet, or magazine, with the wrapper in which it is inclosed, shall be charged with letter-postage by weight. If the person to whom the newspaper, printed circular, price-current, pamphlet, or magazine is directed, refuses to pay such letter-postage thereon, the postmaster will immediately transmit the same to the office from whence it was forwarded, and request the postmaster thereof to prosecute the same for the penalty of five dollars, as prescribed by the 30th section of the act of 1825. Suits may be brought either in district courts, or before state magistrates having civil jurisdiction in actions of debt, for this amount, under the respective state laws; the name of the sender written or stamped either upon the newspaper, printed circular, price-current, pamphlet, or magazine, or the wrapper in which it is enclosed, communicates such information, as subjects it to letter-postage, and the consequential penalties if such postage is not paid at the place of its destination. The diminution of the revenue of the Department under the cheap postage system, and the great and increasing demand for additional mail facilities throughout the country, whose territory now extends to the Pacific, renders it absolutely necessary, not only that every cent of lawful revenue be collected and accounted for, but that the utmost vigilance should be exercised for the prevention of...