Williams v. Anderson

• Decision Date: 31 March 1993
• Docket Number: No. 3-92-093-CV,3-92-093-CV
• Citation: Williams v. Anderson, 850 S.W.2d 281 (Tex. App. 1993)
• Parties: Traci WILLIAMS, Appellant, v. Richard L. ANDERSON, Appellee.
• Court: Texas Court of Appeals

Page 281

850 S.W.2d 281

Traci WILLIAMS, Appellant, v.Richard L. ANDERSON, Appellee.

No. 3-92-093-CV.

Court of Appeals of Texas Austin.

March 31, 1993.

Rehearing Overruled May 5, 1993.

Leslie D. Hume, Bree Buchanan, Legal Aid Soc. of Cent. Texas, Austin, for appellant.

John F. Campbell, Campbell & Morgan, P.C., Austin, for appellee.

Before POWERS, ABOUSSIE and B.A. SMITH, JJ.

POWERS, Justice.

Traci Williams appeals from a trial-court decree appointing Richard L. Anderson possessory conservator of a child she bore by another man.We will reverse the decree and render judgment that Anderson take nothing by his suit affecting the parent-child relationship.

THE CONTROVERSY

The child was born to Williams, out of wedlock, July 1, 1986.The biological father was Anderson's roommate.¹Williams and Anderson became friends.She and the child visited Anderson after he moved from Houston to live first in Dickinson and then in Austin.In February 1989, while Anderson lived in Austin, Williams asked Anderson if the child might live with him while Williams attended school in Houston.She explained that she feared for the child's safety owing to the dangerous neighborhood where she and the child lived in Houston.

Anderson consented.The child began to live with him, in Austin, sometime in March 1989.In August 1989, the child went to Houston where he lived for five or six weeks with Williams.The child then returned to Austin in late September 1989 to live again with Anderson.On December 25, 1989, the child traveled once again to Houston for a Christmas visit with Williams.She retained the child and notified Anderson in January that the child would thereafter reside with her permanently.

On January 25, 1990, Anderson filed in district court in Austin an original "suit affecting the parent-child relationship."²He prayed in his petition for issuance of a restraining order, temporary injunction, and permanent injunction--each directed against Williams's continuing to exercise possession and control over the child--and for general relief.Anderson's petition did not request that he be appointed managing or possessory conservator of the child; such relief is perhaps implicit in his allegation that his appointment as managing conservator "would be in the best interest of the child."We will, for purposes of discussion, assume that he prayed for appointment to either position.

Following certain preliminary matters and after a bench trial, the court below rendered a decree appointing Anderson possessory conservator (with specified duties, rights, privileges, and powers regarding the child) and appointing Williams managing conservator.Williams appeals to this Court on two points of error challenging the trial court's designation of Anderson as possessory conservator.

ANDERSON'S ASSERTED INTEREST

The parties' briefs nominally join issue on whether Anderson had "standing" to bring his cause of action; their respective arguments indicate something else entirely.

Section 11.03(a) of the Family Code specifies the natural and artificial persons who may bring a suit affecting the parent-child relationship--a statutory cause of action defined in section 11.01(5) of the Code and authorized in section 11.02.Section 11.03(a)(8) states, for example, that such a suit may be brought by "a person who has had actual possession and control of the child for at least six months immediately preceding the filing of the petition."SeeTex.Fam.Code Ann. § 11.03(a)(8)(West Supp. 1993).The effect of this subsection is to create in a person, who shows himself qualified thereunder, a "justiciable interest" in the child--a substantive interest that the law will enforce and protect because it exists under section 11.03(a)(8), even though it does not exist at common law.In this respect, subsection (8) is unlike the other subsections of section 11.03(a).

Whether Anderson acquired such a substantive interest is not a question of "standing."The judicial doctrine of "standing" concedes that an interest is justiciable and inquires whether the interest belongs to the one asserting it.See1 Texas Civil Practice§ 5.8, at 478-79(Diane M. Allen et al. eds., 1992).In the present case, the interest belongs undeniably to Anderson if it exists at all.The questions raised on appeal concern whether, under the evidence, he acquired the substantive or justiciable interest made possible by section 11.03(a)(8) of the Code.The parties' use of the word "standing" derives undoubtedly from similar confusion in numerous judicial opinions that use interchangeably the terms "standing" and "justiciable interest."

DISCUSSION AND HOLDINGS

Section 11.01(a)(8) of the Family Code required that Anderson prove he had "actual possession and control of the child for at least six months immediately preceding"January 25, 1990, the date he filed his original petition in district court.The district court found that he did indeed have such possession and control for the requisite six months.In her first point of error, Williams contends the finding is "against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence."This is incorrect usage of the phrase because the burden of proof lay upon Anderson, not Williams.See generallyWilliam Powers, Jr. & Jack Ratliff, Another Look at "No Evidence" and "Insufficient Evidence,"69 Tex.L.Rev. 515(1991).Because Williams prays that we adjudicate the case on the merits (she requests dismissal of the cause), rather than a remand to the trial court, we construe her point of error as a complaint that no evidence was introduced to support the trial-court determination that Anderson had "actual control and possession of the child for at least six months immediately preceding"January 25, 1990.

A no-evidence point of error must be sustained when (1) there is a complete absence of evidence regarding a vital fact; (2) the reviewing court is barred by rules of law or evidence from assigning weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence offered in proof of a vital fact is no more than a mere scintilla; or (4) the evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of a vital fact.Robert W. Calvert, "No-Evidence" and "Insufficient-Evidence" Points of Error, 38 Tex.L.Rev. 361, 363-64 (1960).We will examine the evidence favorable to the judgment below.It is essentially undisputed.

Our view of the evidence is controlled by the fact that the word "month," used in section 11.03(a)(8), means calendar month, as it does in any legislation.³We must apply that meaning as we assess the evidence under the statutory language "actual control and possession of the child for at least six months immediately preceding"January 25, 1990.

Williams initially acquired possession and control of the child sometime in March 1989; sometime in August 1989, before the expiration of six calendar months, the child left Anderson's possession and control to live in Houston for five or six weeks until late September when the child returned to Austin.The child again left Anderson's possession and control on December 25, 1989, and did not return.It is therefore undisputed that Anderson had actual possession and control from some day in March to some day in August 1989, or a period of only five calendar months at most.SeeTex. Gov't Code Ann. § 311.014(c)(West 1988);Gardner v. Universal Life & Accident Ins. Co., 164 S.W.2d 582(Tex.Civ.App.--Dallas 1942, no writ)(a "month" is not computed by counting days but by looking at the calendar, and it runs from a given day in one month to the same day in the next or specified month).Similarly, Anderson again had possession and control from some day in late September 1989 to December 25, 1989, when the child returned to Houston, a period of only three calendar months at most.

To satisfy the statutory requirement of six calendar months, Anderson must perforce resort to an interpretation of section 11.03(a)(8).He must argue for a judicial construction of the statute which holds one of two things: (1) that section 11.03(a)(8) includes, by implication, a theory of constructive possession and control, so that Anderson may be said to have had "possession and control" of the child, in legal contemplation, notwithstanding that the child in fact lived in Houston with his mother(who possessed all legal rights regarding the child) during five or six weeks in August and September 1989; or (2) that the statute includes, by implication, a theory of cumulative months so that a total of six calendar months of "possession and control," accumulated over an unspecified period of time, will satisfy the statute even if, as here, there was no period of six consecutive calendar months.We believe it would be irrational to impute either implication to section 11.03(a)(8).

Nothing in section 11.03 or any other statute affirmatively suggests either implication.Anderson's argument is thus an argument purely from silence, the weakest of all possible arguments.

We may impute an implication to a statute only when it is obvious that the legislature intended the implication and no other interpretation can be gathered from the statute as written; implications are never permitted if they will add to or contradict the statute.Massachusetts v. United N. & S.D. Co., 140 Tex. 417, 168 S.W.2d 226, 229(1942).We cannot say it is obvious that the legislature intended either implication; however, it is obvious that a reasonable interpretation can be gathered from the statute, as written, which excludes both implications.

Concerning the theory of constructive possession and control, we believe section 11.03(a)(8) explicitly rejects the theory by the statutory requirement of "actual possession...