Williams v. Missouri Bd. of Probation and Parole
| Decision Date | 09 October 1981 |
| Docket Number | Nos. 80-1728,80-1788,s. 80-1728 |
| Citation | 661 F.2d 697 |
| Parties | James E. WILLIAMS and Junior Theobald, Individually and on behalf of all other persons similarly situated, Appellants, v. MISSOURI BOARD OF PROBATION AND PAROLE, W. R. Vermillion, Chairman; F. N. Strum and Dick Moore, Members of the Board, Appellees. James E. WILLIAMS and Junior Theobald, Individually and on behalf of all other persons similarly situated, Appellees, v. MISSOURI BOARD OF PROBATION AND PAROLE, W. R. Vermillion, Chairman; F. N. Strum and Dick Moore, Members of the Board, Appellants. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit |
Michael Thompson, argued, Ronald L. Roseman, Legal Aid of Western Mo., Kansas City, Mo., for Williams.
John Ashcroft, Atty. Gen., Paul Robert Otto, Asst. Atty. Gen., argued, Jefferson City, Mo., for Missouri Bd. of Probation and Parole.
Before BRIGHT, HENLEY and ARNOLD, Circuit Judges.
James E. Williams and Junior Theobald 1 appeal the decision of the district court holding that the Missouri parole statute, Mo.Rev.Stat. § 549.261, does not create a protected liberty interest in release on parole. We reverse the judgment and remand the case to the district court.
Appellants brought this civil rights action, 42 U.S.C. § 1983, in March, 1974 while they were incarcerated in the Missouri State Penitentiary at Jefferson City. A stipulation of facts and legal issues into which the parties entered in July, 1976 focused the controversy on whether the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment applied to parole release determinations and, if so, whether the Missouri procedures were constitutionally adequate. After a trial, the district court ruled in favor of the Board of Probation and Parole. 2 444 F.Supp. 473. This court reversed the district court's decision, holding that "the inmate's right to be considered for parole involves his liberty interest and must not be abrogated without compliance with the minimum due process procedures required under the circumstances." Williams v. Missouri Board of Probation and Parole, 585 F.2d 922, 924-25 (8th Cir. 1978) (citations omitted), vacated and remanded, 442 U.S. 926, 99 S.Ct. 2853, 61 L.Ed.2d 293 (1979). On the Board's successful petition for certiorari, the United States Supreme Court vacated this court's judgment and remanded the case for further consideration in light of the decision in Greenholtz v. Inmates of the Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex, 442 U.S. 1, 99 S.Ct. 2100, 60 L.Ed.2d 668 (1979). See Williams v. Missouri Board of Probation and Parole, supra, 442 U.S. at 926, 99 S.Ct. at 2853, 61 L.Ed.2d at 293. This court subsequently remanded the cause to the district court, which again concluded that the Missouri statute did not create a protected expectation of release on parole. Williams and Theobald now appeal this decision, contending that the due process clause applies to parole release determinations in Missouri. In addition, appellants argue that due process requires that an inmate be allowed access to his parole file before parole release hearings and reviews 3 to correct, rebut, or explain any adverse information contained in the file. 4
We conclude that inmates of Missouri penal institutions have a protected liberty interest, rooted in state law, in parole release. The Missouri parole statute, Mo.Rev.Stat. § 549.261, provides:
When in its opinion there is reasonable probability that the prisoner can be released without detriment to the community or to himself, the board shall release on parole any person confined in any correctional institution administered by state authorities.... 5
Like the language of the Nebraska parole statute, Neb.Rev.Stat. § 83-1,114(1), considered in Greenholtz, supra, 442 U.S. at 1, 99 S.Ct. at 2100, 60 L.Ed.2d at 668, this language created a justifiable expectation that if the statutory criteria are satisfied, the inmate will be released on parole. The Nebraska parole provision at issue in Greenholtz provided:
Whenever the Board of Parole considers the release of a committed offender who is eligible for release on parole, it shall order his release unless it is of the opinion that his release should be deferred because:
(a) There is a substantial risk that he will not conform to the conditions of parole;
(b) His release would depreciate the seriousness of his crime or promote disrespect for law;
(c) His release would have a substantially adverse effect on institutional discipline; or
(d) His continued correctional treatment, medical care, or vocational or other training in the facility will substantially enhance his capacity to lead a law-abiding life when released at a later date.
Neb.Rev.Stat. § 83-1,114(1). In considering this statute, the Court found that its "unique structure and language" created an expectancy of release entitled to "some measure of constitutional protection." Greenholtz, supra, 442 U.S. at 12, 99 S.Ct. at 2106. After examining the similar Missouri provision in the light cast by the Greenholtz decision, we conclude that the Missouri law providing that when the statutory and regulatory guidelines are met the inmate shall be released on parole gives rise to the same protectible entitlement as the Nebraska scheme providing that the prisoner shall be paroled unless certain findings are made. Compare Mo.Rev.Stat. § 549.261 with Neb.Rev.Stat. § 83-1,114(1).
Having concluded that the due process clause is implicated, we must now determine whether inmates in Missouri penal institutions must be allowed access to their parole files. The parties in this case stipulated that the parole file contains the presentence report; psychiatric and psychological reports if available; prereview and progress reports; 6 and information concerning any prior juvenile proceedings, arrests, confinement, probation, or parole. The file may also contain newspaper articles concerning the inmate's trial or conviction and comments by law enforcement officials, the sentencing judge, or individuals who wish to support or protest a particular application for parole.
Although the Board of Probation and Parole has the discretionary authority to allow the inmate or his attorney to inspect certain privileged and confidential reports contained in the parole file, 7 Mo.Rev.Stat. § 549.285, the Board's policy is not to disclose any information in the files. 8 See Mo.Rev.Stat. § 549.151. As a policy matter the Board also does not advise inmates of adverse information submitted by judges, prosecutors, law enforcement personnel, or other persons. Further, it concedes that institutional parole officers, who interview inmates before parole hearings and reviews and summarize the contents of the parole files, do not have the time or resources to make independent investigations to verify the information given them by sources inside and outside the institution. Since there is no formal procedure by which the inmate can determine the existence of adverse information in the file, he remains unaware of it unless the matter is raised by a member of the hearing panel during the hearing. Any adverse materials placed in the file after an initial hearing resulting in a denial of parole simply remain out of the inmate's reach during subsequent parole...
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