Willis v. O'Brien

Decision Date29 May 1967
Docket NumberNo. 12555,12555
Citation151 W.Va. 628,153 S.E.2d 178
CourtWest Virginia Supreme Court
PartiesDonald G. WILLIS v. Thomas P. O'BRIEN, Judge, Intermediate Court of Ohio County.

Syllabus by the Court

1. Where one puts in force an agency for the commission of the crime of murder resulting from unlawful abortion, he, in legal contemplation, accompanies the agency to the point where such crime becomes effectual.

2. When an unlawful abortion is committed in one county and death results therefrom in another county, venue lies, under an indictment for murder, in either county.

3. When the constitutionality of a statute is questioned every reasonable construction of the statute must be resorted to by a court in order to sustain constitutionality, and any doubt must be resolved in favor of the constitutionality of the legislative enactment.

Pinsky, Mahan, Barnes & Watson, Wellsburg, McCamic & McCamic, Wheeling, for plaintiff in error.

C. Donald Robertson, Atty. Gen., Leo Catsonis, Asst. Atty. Gen., Charleston, for defendant in error.

CAPLAN, Judge:

This is an appeal from a final order of the Circuit Court of Ohio County which denied the petitioner, Donald G. Willis, a writ of prohibition. On April 29, 1965, at a special term of the grand jury attending the Intermediate Court of Ohio County, West Virginia, the petitioner, Donald G. Willis, was indicted for murder. The indictment charges that Donald G. Willis on March 23, 1965, in Ohio County, 'feloniously, wilfully, maliciously, deliverately and unlawfully did slay and kill, and murder one Evelyn Riedel Sherman, in that on the 22nd day of March, 1965, in Brooke County, West Virginia, the said Donald G. Willis did feloniously, wilfully and unlawfully employ and use upon the body of the said Evelyn Riedel Sherman, a female person, who was then and there pregnant with child, certain means, the character and description of which are to the grand jurors aforesaid unknown, with intent then and there to destroy such unborn child of the said Evelyn Riedel Sherman & to produce the abortion and miscarriage of said Evelyn Riedel Sherman * * *;'. The indictment, after alleging that the abortion was not performed with the intention of saving the life of the mother or child, further states 'and by reason of such abortion performed on her the said Evelyn Riedel Sherman did die in Ohio County, West Virginia on the 23rd day of March, 1965 * * *'.

On May 28, 1965 the petitioner filed a plea in abatement alleging that a trial on this indictment in Ohio County would constitute a violation of the constitutional provision assuring a defendant the right to be tried in the county where the offense was committed. The petitioner in a further plea in abatement alleged that the indictment failed to set forth that any mortal wound or other violation or injury was inflicted or administered in Brooke County.

By order dated June 14, 1965, the Intermediate Court overruled the petitioner's pleas in abatement and the case was set for trial. Donald G. Willis, on August 30, 1965, filed his petition for a writ of prohibition in the Circuit Court of Ohio County whereby he sought to prohibit the Honorable Thomas P. O'Brien, Judge of the Intermediate Court of Ohio County, from proceeding with a trial on this indictment. A rule was granted and the matter was fully heard. By order, dated October 22, 1965, a judgment was entered denying and dismissing the petition. It is from that judgment that this appeal is now being prosecuted.

Although subsidiary questions have been raised, the principal issue involved is whether the petitioner, in the circumstances of this case, may be tried in Ohio County. Venue, not jurisdiction, is our concern here. Jurisdiction is a constitutional endowment of power of hear and determine a cause. Thus, any court authorized by the Constitution, or a statute enacted pursuant thereto, to hear and determine a case involving a criminal act has jurisdiction thereof. Venue, on the other hand, is merely the place of trial. It designates the particular county in which a court having jurisdiction may properly hear and determine the case. 19 M.J. Venue § 2.

In the instant case the Intermediate Court of Ohio County unquestionably has jurisdiction to try a defendant on a charge of murder. Whether Ohio County is the proper venue for such trial is the question squarely presented in this proceeding.

Article III, Section 14 of the Constitution of West Virginia provides, in part, 'Trials of crimes * * * shall be * * * in the county where the alleged offence was committed * * *.' A defendant is thereby afforded a constitutional right to be tried in the county where the crime was committed and such right cannot be abrogated, either by the courts or by statute. Consequently, this court in State v. Lowe, 21 W.Va. 782, held unconstitutional and void a statute which authorized prosecution for a crime in a county in which the offense was not committed but which was committed within one hundred yards of the boundary line of the county. It becomes clear, therefore, that venue lies only in the county where the crime was committed and at no other place, unless the defendant waives his right or files a motion for a change of venue.

It is the primary position of the petitioner that, in view of the mandate in Article III, Section 14 of the Constitution of West Virginia, he must be tried in Brooke County, the county in which the abortion was allegedly committed. The threshold question, therefore, is to determine where the offense charged in the indictment was committed. In making this determination it is essential to consider, not only the language of the above constitutional provision, but also the indictment, the statute under which such indictment was returned and the statute employed in aid of this prosecution.

As herein noted, the indictment charges that Donald G. Willis did slay, kill and murder Evelyn Riedel Sherman in Ohio County by performing an unlawful abortion upon her in Brooke County. The statute under which this prosecution was instituted provides, in part: 'Any person who shall administer to, or cause to be taken by, a woman, any drug or other thing, or use any means, with intent to destroy her unborn child, or to produce abortion or miscarriage, and shall thereby destroy such child, or produce such abortion or miscarriage, shall be guilty of a felony * * *; and if such woman die by reason of such abortion performed upon her, such person shall be guilty of murder * * *.' Code, 1931, 61--2--8.

This legislative enactment creates a statutory felony, criminal abortion at common law having been only a misdemeanor. Smith v. State, 33 Me. 48, 54 Am.Dec. 607; Worthington v. State, 92 Md. 222, 48 A. 355, 56 L.R.A. 353; Commonwealth v. Trombetta, 131 Pa.Super. 487, 200 A. 107; 2 Wharton's Criminal Law and Procedure, Section 737. However, this statute further provides that if the one upon whom the abortion was performed dies as a result thereof, the perpetrator of the abortion shall be guilty of murder. Thus, separate crimes are created by Code, 1931, 61--2--8, it being only when the woman dies by reason of the unlawful abortion that the crime of murder is committed. State v. Lewis, 133 W.Va. 584, 57 S.E.2d 513.

Looking again to the indictment in the instant case, we must consider what offense was charged. The petitioner was not accused of the offense of unlawful abortion. He was charged with the offense of murder. The performance of the abortion of which he was guilty, if proved, occurred in Brooke County, but the death, making complete the offense of murder, as charged in the indictment, occurred in Ohio County. Under the provisions of Code, 1931, 61--2--8, the petitioner could not have committed murder unless and until death occurred as a...

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