Willis v. Department of Conservation and Economic Development
Decision Date | 20 April 1970 |
Citation | 264 A.2d 34,55 N.J. 534 |
Parties | Thomas WILLIS, et al., Plaintiffs-Respondents, v. DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, et al., Defendants-Appellants. Tomi WILLIS, et al., Plaintiffs-Respondents, v. Robert A. ROE, et al., Defendants-Appellants. |
Court | New Jersey Supreme Court |
Stephen Skillman, Deputy Atty. Gen., for appellants (Walter R. Davis, Jr., Deputy Atty. Gen., on the brief, Arthur J. Sills, Atty. Gen. of New Jersey, attorney).
William J. McGovern, Newton, for respondents (McGovern & Roseman, Newton, attorneys).
The opinion of the court was delivered by
This action was brought on behalf of the infant Tomi Willis and her parents Per quod to recover damages for injuries suffered by the child on a visit to High Point Park, a recreational facility of the State. Apparently an admission charge was made between Memorial Day and Labor Day but not the rest of the year. It was on November 6, 1966 that the child, age 3, sustained a traumatic amputation of her arm when she fed sugar to a caged bear. Two or three bears had been exhibited there since the 1930s. Plaintiffs asserted the State was absolutely liable for injuries inflicted by a wild animal thus contained and in any event that the State was negligent because it failed to erect and maintain suitable barriers around the cage, left the cage unattended, and permitted holes to remain in the screening through which the child inserted her arm with the tragic consequence already mentioned.
On motion the trial court gave judgment for defendant upon its plea of sovereign immunity. The Appellate Division reversed, and one judge dissenting, this appeal was taken to us as of right. R. 2:2--1(a).
The majority in the Appellate Division held that the State had waived its immunity from suit. In brief, the thesis was that at one time High Point Park was held by High Point Park Commission, an agency of the State, which was a body politic 'with power to sue and be sued,' R.S. 13:5--2; that under Taylor v. New Jersey Highway Authority, 22 N.J. 454, 468--471, 126 A.2d 313 (1956), the grant of the power to sue and be sued constituted a consent by the Legislature to suits, including actions in tort, against the State agency; and that when in 1945 the Commission went out of existence and its functions were transferred to a department of the State, N.J.S.A. 13:1A--24 and 42, the transfer carried with it the same consent to suit. The dissenting judge in the Appellate Division could not find the Legislature intended a transfer of that consent, and we agree. The case therefore presents the question whether the judiciary should continue to refuse to pass upon the State's tort liability in the absence of a statute consenting to that course.
Recently we held the judiciary should entertain actions against the State on contracts it makes. P, T & L Construction Co. v. Commissioner of Transportation, State of New Jersey, 55 N.J. 341, 262 A.2d 195 (1970). We there pointed out that the claim of sovereign immunity involved ultimately a problem of separation of powers, and that while it was conceptually correct for the judiciary to adjudge whether the State ought to satisfy a claim against it, nonetheless the Constitution committed to the other branches the power to decide whether to appropriate moneys to pay a judgment. Thus the willingness of the judiciary to act depended upon whether its judgments would be but idle declarations. We conclude that surely with respect to contracts the State itself makes, we should not assume our judgments would be ignored.
Here we have a claim in tort. In Fitzgerald v. Palmer, 47 N.J. 106, 219 A.2d 512 (1966), we declined to decide whether the judiciary should accept tort litigation against the State. There a motorist driving under an overpass was killed by a piece of concrete intentionally thrown by an unknown person from the overpass. The thesis of the complaint was that the Highway Department, in constructing the overpass, should have guarded against such criminal attacks. In explaining why we were not prompted by that claim 'to wrestle with the far-reaching proposal that the judiciary give advisory opinions to all who feel aggrieved by what the State does or does not do' (p. 110, 219 A.2d p. 514), we noted the problem involved in delineating the area in which the State should account:
(47 N.J. at 109, 219 A.2d at 514.)
Unlike the situation in Fitzgerald v. Palmer, the claim now before us does invite consideration of the basic question of judicial abstention in tort matters, for here, according to the complaint, the State itself generated the risk of injury by caging a ferocious animal without suitable safeguards despite the manifest danger to persons the exhibit was intended to attract.
It is plainly unjust to refuse relief to persons injured by the wrongful conduct of the State. No one seems to defend that refusal as fair. There has been a steady movement away from immunity. In some jurisdictions, the change has been achieved by judicial decision, Muskopf v. Corning Hospital District, 55 Cal.2d 211, 11 Cal.Rptr. 89, 359 P.2d 457 (1961); Stone v. Arizona Highway Comm., 93 Ariz. 384, 381 P.2d 107 (1963), and in others by statutes which consented to suit in the courts or provided for relief before an administrative or legislative body. For a survey, see Van Alstyne, 'Governmental Tort Liability: A Decade of Change,' 1966 U.Ill.L.Forum 919. The Congress, too, has authorized tort claims against the United States. 28 U.S.C. §§ 2674, 2680.
In our State, there has been some progress toward a fair solution. On the legislative side, suits have been authorized against corporate agencies of the State, and the Legislature has not disapproved our holding in Taylor v. New Jersey Highway Authority, Supra, 22 N.J. at 468--471, 126 A.2d 313, that the consent to suit included consent to liability upon judge-made principles of tort law. In addition, tort claims are regularly considered by a subcommittee of the Joint Legislative Appropriations Committee, although the modest sums appropriated do suggest, on their face at least, a restrained approach with respect to damages. We note, too, that after we expressly held open in Fitzgerald v. Palmer, Supra, 47 N.J. 106, 219 A.2d 512, the question whether the judiciary should entertain such suits, the Legislature adopted L.1967, c. 20. There, after reciting that 'Recent decisions of the courts of this State interpreting the statutory and case law concerning governmental immunity in negligence actions have indicated the need for a thorough review of the law in this field,' the Legislature authorized the Attorney General to study 'the present general provisions of the statutes and case law relating to governmental immunity of the State, of counties and municipalities to respond in damages for the negligence of their agents or servants; and to report to the Legislature the results of such study, together with recommendations for amendments and additions to existing statutes intended to modernize procedures relating thereto.' The statute reflects the feeling we share, that something positive should be done.
And we add that our courts have already dealt with a segment of this problem. We refer to the liability of counties and municipalities, whose so-called 'governmental' activities were in other jurisdictions accorded the State's immunity on the thesis that such activities were performed as agents of the State itself. See Cloyes v. Delaware Tp., 23 N.J. 324, 327, 129 A.2d 1 (1957). We have long entertained all types of tort actions against counties and municipalities, and when relief is refused, it is upon the basis of substantive principles of law we think should apply and not upon the proposition that those agencies are immune from suit. Again, it should be noted that the Legislature has not disapproved the doctrine that municipal corporations are suable in tort matters, nor, with one exception, the rules of substantive law applied to them. That exception is L.1933, c. 460 (N.J.S.A. 40:9--2 and N.J.S.A. 18A:20--35), which was born of a depression and has become an island of immunity. 1
Perhaps a comprehensive legislative solution has been delayed by the difficulty inherent in expressing a doctrine, and this for the reasons stated above in the excerpt from Fitzgerald v. Palmer. It may well be that the subject so defies precise statement that inevitably the controlling concepts must be developed case by case even if the Legislature does speak. In New York, where a statute (N.Y.Ct.Claims Act, § 8) imposed liability on the State without stated exceptions, the courts nonetheless devised principles which would keep that...
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