Winsor v. United Air Lines
Decision Date | 30 January 1958 |
Docket Number | Civ. A. No. 1926. |
Citation | 159 F. Supp. 856 |
Parties | Charles H. WINSOR, individually and as Administrator of the Estate of Alma L. Winsor, Deceased, Plaintiff, v. UNITED AIR LINES, Inc., Defendant. |
Court | U.S. District Court — District of Delaware |
Stewart Lynch (of Hastings, Lynch & Taylor), Wilmington, Del., for plaintiff. Theodore E. Wolcott, New York City, of counsel.
Edwin D. Steel, Jr., and Harvey S. Kronfeld (of Morris, Steel, Nichols & Arsht), Wilmington, Del., for defendant. Haight, Gardner, Poor & Havens, New York City, of counsel.
In recognition of what appear to be the better-reasoned authorities, defendant concedes for the purposes of this suit that the Warsaw Convention, 49 Stat. 3000, of itself does not create a cause of action.2 Noel v. Linea Aeropostal Venezolana, 2 Cir., 247 F.2d 677.
However, defendant contends that it is not essential for the purposes of invoking § 1441(b) that the Treaty created the cause of action providing a construction of the Treaty is necessary. I am inclined to agree with defendant that it will be necessary during the course of the trial to construe the Treaty but differ with its argument that the necessity for construction brings this matter within the purview of § 1441(b).
Because of defendant's concession, we assume for the purposes of this suit that both counts are based upon the Colorado Death Act. In fact, both counts plead the Act3 and while the first count recites paragraphs 17 and 20 of the Warsaw Convention and seeks recovery in the maximum amount specified by that Treaty, nevertheless, it is apparent not only from the Complaint but from plaintiff's brief that he looks to the State Act, not the Treaty, as the source of the right to sue.4
Preliminarily, it might be argued with some persuasiveness that the combination of defendant's concession, the deliberate pleading of the Colorado Death Act in both counts of the Complaint and plaintiff's disclaimer of any intention to rely on the Treaty as the basis for his claim are, in themselves, sufficient to deny jurisdiction. Clearly, plaintiff did not have to plead paragraphs 17 and 20 of the Treaty in order to state a good cause of action and, particularly, paragraph 20 would seem to represent a matter of defense only. Under the circumstances, the following quotation from Gully v. First Nat. Bank, 299 U.S. 109, 113, 57 S.Ct. 96, 98, 81 L.Ed. 70, is in point:
"Indeed, the compaint itself will not avail as a basis of jurisdiction insofar as it goes beyond a statement of the plaintiff's cause of action and anticipates or replies to a probable defense."
But other, and more substantial reasons support the motion to remand. The leading case on the question of the right of removal under § 1441(b) is Gully v. First Nat. Bank, above cited. There, Justice Cardozo said in part:
And Judge Goodrich used this pertinent language in Downing v. Howard, 3 Cir., 162 F.2d 654, 655:
* * *"
Certainly, in this case the "* * * substance of his claim is one based on state law."
Nor, despite some statements to the contrary, is the fact that a federal law may or will be drawn into construction during the course of the litigation sufficient to support jurisdiction in a federal court. Illustrative of this proposition is Andersen v. Bingham & G. Ry. Co., 10 Cir., 169 F.2d 328, 329, 14 A. L.R.2d 987,5 where it was said:
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