Wood v. United States

• Decision Date: 03 March 1967
• Docket Number: No. 23366.,23366.
• Citation: Wood v. United States, 373 F.2d 894 (5th Cir. 1967)
• Parties: Kenneth WOOD, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

373 F.2d 894 (1967)

Kenneth WOOD, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.

No. 23366.

United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit.

March 3, 1967.

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Clay C. Long, Atlanta, Ga., for appellant.

Kenneth Wood, pro se.

F. D. Hand, Jr., Asst. U. S. Atty., Charles L. Goodson, U. S. Atty., for appellee.

Before BROWN, GOLDBERG and AINSWORTH, Circuit Judges.

JOHN R. BROWN, Circuit Judge:

This appeal presents the underlying question whether Wood, a Jehovah's Witness, is entitled as a matter of law to an exemption from selective service on the ground that he is a minister. The local board denied the exemption and classified Wood as a conscientious objector. Wood subsequently refused to report for civilian employment and was convicted of violating the Universal Military Training and Service Act, 50 U.S.C.A.App. § 462. This appeal followed.

Wood registered with Georgia Local Board 119 on August 18, 1958. In his classification questionnaire, Wood claimed the status of a minister of religion, indicating only that he had regularly served in that capacity since his ordination on November 5, 1955, at which date he was about 15 years old. He did not, however, make any claim to the status of conscientious objector. The Board classified Wood 1-A. After a lapse of more than four years, Wood was ordered to report for induction on September 25, 1963. On September 16 Wood inquired at the Board office regarding his classification and was given a conscientious objector form and instructed to return with the completed form for a personal interview before the Board at 5:30 p.m. that day. Wood completed the form, attaching thereto a statement that he was a "minister of Jehovah's Witnesses."¹ At the interview the Board dismissed² Wood's claim to the ministerial classification and forwarded his file to the State headquarters of the Selective Service System in Atlanta, Georgia. On the state head-quarters recommendation, Wood's classification was reopened,³ and he was reclassified by the local Board as a conscientious objector (1-O). This action was approved unanimously by the Appeal Board. Subsequently Wood was assigned a position of civilian employment but he failed to report for duty. He was indicted and convicted by the District Court without a jury and sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment for failure to perform duties required under the Universal Military Training and Service Act, 50 U.S.C.A.App. § 462(a). We affirm.

The Act exempts from training and service "regularly or duly ordained ministers of religion."⁴ Under the statutory definitions,⁵ a minister is one who, ordained in accordance with the formalities required by his religious denomination, preaches and teaches its religious tenets as his regular and customary vocation, and not merely irregularly or incidentally. Most important, the registrant bears the burden of clearly establishing a right to the exemption.⁶ Dickinson v. United States, 1953, 346 U.S. 389, 395, 74 S.Ct. 152, 156, 98 L.Ed. 132, 137; Harris v. Ross, 5 Cir., 1944, 146 F.2d 355, 357; Lemien v. United States, 5 Cir., 1946, 158 F.2d 550, 551; Prieto v. United States, 5 Cir., 1961, 289 F.2d 12, 14. The Board has no affirmative duty to ascertain whether or not the registrant qualifies for the exemption. Harris v. Ross, supra.

Once the Board has classified the registrant, review by the Courts is ordinarily limited to determining whether there is any basis in fact for the classification given. Estep v. United States, 1946, 327 U.S. 114, 122, 66 S.Ct. 423, 427, 90 L.Ed. 567, 573; Dickinson v. United States, 1953, 346 U.S. 389, 394, 74 S.Ct. 152, 156, 98 L.Ed. 132, 137; Witmer v. United States, 1955, 348 U.S. 375, 381, 75 S.Ct. 392, 395, 99 L.Ed. 428, 433. Where the local Board has denied the claimed exemption, this Court has construed these cases to require that there be "some proof that is incompatible with the registrants proof of exemption." Wiggins v. United States, 5 Cir., 1958, 261 F.2d 113, 114. This presupposes, however, that the registrant has made at least some proof of exemption — that he has tendered evidence to the Board which prima facie entitles him to the claimed exemption — a supposition which on the record before this Court is insupportable.

In this case Wood failed to take any action whatever on his 1-A classification until after he had received notice of induction. He was then afforded a hearing before the local Board for the purpose of presenting evidence that the classification was erroneous. The only evidence before the Board at that time was the original classification questionnaire in which Wood merely indicated his claim to the ministerial exemption, and the conscientious objector form, again stating that he was a "minister of Jehovah's witnesses" signed by five persons (note 1, supra).⁷ The registrant failed, however, to offer the testimony of these persons, or for that matter of himself, or factual statements from either of them, in support of the claimed exemption before the Board. That Wood may have misconceived the Board requirements for ministerial qualification (see 1 A. and 2 Q., note 2, supra) can neither excuse his failure to present relevant evidence before the Board nor cast an affirmative burden on the Board to determine whether such evidence exists. Based upon the evidence before the Board at the date of the interview, and again at the date they reopened Wood's case and reclassified him as a conscientious objector, such classification was the most favorable one possible and is clearly supported by the record.

Wood's reliance on Wiggins v. United States, 5 Cir., 1958, 261 F.2d 113, is unavailing. There the Court noted that "from the very first, Wiggins has presented numerous affidavits, certificates, and letters, from his parents, from other member of Jehovah's Witnesses, and from non-members." 261 F.2d at 117. Such evidence, all presented to the Board, on its face established Wiggins' qualification for the exemption. In the face of such evidence, and without any rebutting evidence in the Board's record, the Board's denial of the claimed exemption was without "basis in fact". This is not the case here.

But our holding does not rest on a procedural failure of this non-lawyer trained registrant to supply "facts" to the Board in a receivable form. The testimony offered before the District Court, which the Judge allowed with the widest latitude, fails to establish that had the Board had such evidence before it a decision denying a ministerial exemption would have been without basis in fact. Of course, the District Court did not, nor do we, purport to sit as "super draft boards, substituting our judgments on the weight of the evidence for those of the designated agencies." Witmer v. United States, supra. But analysis of the testimony in the District Court strengthens our conclusion that the classification granted by the Board was acceptable, and that Wood did not show he was entitled as a matter of law to the ministerial exemption. And this is so whether based on the standards apparently followed by the Board⁸ or the less categorized principles applied by us and others.

We have, of course, not ruled out those who must seek and hold secular employment. What the Act requires in order for one to qualify for the ministerial exemption is that the ministry be his vocation, not an incidental thing in his life. Pate v. United States, 5 Cir., 1957, 243 F.2d 99, 103. Unlike the status of conscientious objector which depends solely upon the registrant's subjective state of mind, Fitts v. United States, 5 Cir., 1964, 334 F.2d 416, 421, this brings into play objective criteria to determine whether the evidence requires a holding of the ministerial, vocational, status:

"First, the registrant must have the ministry as his vocation rather than his avocation. * * * Second, religious affairs must occupy a substantial part of the registrants time and they must be carried on with regularity. * * * Finally, and most important, in order to obtain an exemption a registrant must stand in the relation of a minister to a congregation or in an equivalent relation as a recognized leader of a group of lesser members of his faith." Fitts v. United States, supra, 334 F.2d at 421.

Based on these criteria, the evidence presented by Wood in the District Court regarding the nature of his activities⁹ fails to satisfy the statutory requirement, and the Court so held.

While the District Court at one place in the formal findings found that Wood was a "duly ordained minister" of Jehovah's Witnesses — thus tracking the terminology of the statutory exemption (see note 4, supra) — it is clear that the Judge used this in the general sense that all active members of the sect regard themselves as ministers.¹⁰ The District Court amplified this by also finding that Wood was a "lay member" of Jehovah's Witnesses, and that the evidence was insufficient to show that he was "such a spiritual leader of any group of Jehovah's Witnesses that it could be said it was his vocation." Thus his efforts through court-offered evidence to show that the Board's decision was unsupported in fact not only failed, but really produced an opposite conclusion.

Wood's contention that the District Court erred in denying appointed counsel is without merit. The Court considered Wood's affidavit, denied the...