Woodall v. International Broth. of Elec. Workers, Local 596

• Decision Date: 06 January 1995
• Docket Number: No. 22186,22186
• Citation: 192 W.Va. 673,453 S.E.2d 656
• Court: West Virginia Supreme Court
• Parties: Lylloth G. WOODALL, Plaintiff Below, Appellant, v. INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF ELECTRICAL WORKERS, LOCAL 596, Defendant Below, Appellee.

Page 656

453 S.E.2d 656

192 W.Va. 673

Lylloth G. WOODALL, Plaintiff Below, Appellant, v.INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF ELECTRICAL WORKERS, LOCAL 596Defendant Below, Appellee.

No. 22186.

Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia.

Submitted Sept. 28, 1994.

Decided Dec. 16, 1994.

Concurring Opinion of

Justice Cleckley Jan. 6, 1995.

Syllabus by the Court

1.Pursuant to the West Virginia Human Rights Act, set forth in W.Va.Code, 5-11-1 et seq., a labor organization is liable for unlawful discriminatory practices in its capacity as an employer only if it meets the definition of employer set forth in W.Va.Code, 5-11-3(d)[1981] because W.Va.Code, 5-11-9(c)[1981] only applies to a labor organization's representative capacity which involves its dealings with employers and union members.

2."There are four general factors which bear upon whether a master-servant relationship exists for purposes of the doctrine of respondeat superior: (1) Selection and engagement of the servant; (2) Payment of compensation; (3) Power of dismissal; and (4) Power of control.The first three factors are not essential to the existence of the relationship; the fourth, the power of control, is determinative."Syl. pt. 5, Paxton v. Crabtree, 184 W.Va. 237, 400 S.E.2d 245(1990).

3.Pursuant to W.Va.Code, 5-11-3(e)[1981] officers and directors of a corporation are not employees for jurisdictional purposes under the West Virginia Human Rights Act unless they have additional duties which qualify them as employees outside of their duties as officers and directors.

4."In order to render a valid judgment or decree, a court must have jurisdiction both of the parties and of the subject matter and any judgment or decree rendered without such jurisdiction will be utterly void."Syl. pt. 1, Schweppes U.S.A. Limited v. Kiger, 158 W.Va. 794, 214 S.E.2d 867(1975).

Larry Harless, Charleston, for appellant.

Robin Jean Davis, John F. Dascoli, Segal and Davis, L.C., Charleston, for appellee.

McHUGH, Justice:

The appellant, Lylloth G. Woodall, appeals the May 19, 1993, order of the Circuit Court of Harrison County which granted the appellee's, the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, Local 596 (hereinafter "IBEW Local 596"), motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict.For reasons set forth below, we affirm the circuit court's order.

I

On March 30, 1984, the appellant filed a complaint in the Circuit Court of Harrison County alleging that she was permanently discharged by IBEW Local 596 because of her age and sex in violation of The West Virginia Human Rights Act(hereinafter the "Human Rights Act") set forth in W.Va.Code, 5-11-1, et seq.¹The appellant had been employed by IBEW Local 596 as a secretary/bookkeeper, but was not a member of the IBEW Local 596 union.A jury trial was held in December of 1992, and the jury found for the appellant.The jury awarded her $60,000 in lost wages and $20,000 for emotional distress.The circuit court entered the judgment order on December 23, 1992.

On May 19, 1993, the circuit court granted IBEW Local 596's motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict.The circuit court, explaining its decision in a twenty-three page memorandum order, found that the appellant failed to prove a prima facie case under the Human Rights Act since IBEW Local 596 was not an employer as defined by W.Va.Code, 5-11-3(d)[1981], ² nor was the appellant a member of IBEW Local 596 rendering W.Va.Code, 5-11-9(c)[1981]³ inapplicable.The appellant appeals the circuit court's ruling.⁴

II

The first issue involves the labor organization's dual role under the Human Rights Act as an employer and a labor organization.Pursuant to W.Va.Code, 5-11-3(d)[1981] a labor organization is liable for unlawful discriminatory practices as an employer under the Human Rights Act if it employs twelve or more persons within this State.⁵Additionally, the Human Rights Act imposes liability upon labor organizations for unlawful discriminatory practices pursuant to W.Va.Code, 5-11-9(c)[1981] which states:

It shall be an unlawful discriminatory practice....

(c) For any labor organization because of race, religion, color, national origin, ancestry, sex, age, blindness or handicap of any individual to deny full and equal membership rights to any individual or otherwise to discriminate against such individual with respect to hire, tenure, terms, conditions or privileges of employment or any other matter, directly or indirectly, related to employment[.]

The question arises as to whether an employee of a labor organization, who is not a member of that labor organization, may file an action under the Human Rights Act against that labor organization pursuant to W.Va.Code, 5-11-9(c)[1981] even though the labor organization does not meet the definition of employer pursuant to W.Va.Code, 5-11-3(d)[1981].The resolution of this issue depends on whether W.Va.Code, 5-11-9(c)[1981] only applies to unlawful discriminatory practices relating to employers and to would-be members and members of a labor organization, or whether this code section also applies to employees of a labor organization who are not members of that labor organization.Since we have not addressed this issue before, an examination of the federal counterpart to the Human Rights Act will be useful for interpreting our Act.⁶

The federal counterpart to W.Va.Code, 5-11-9(c)[1981] is found in Title VII at 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(c)(1988), and although worded differently, it is substantially the same.⁷Not many courts have addressed this issue.However, under Title VII there is a split of authority as to whether a union may be liable to its employee for discriminatory actions when it does not meet the statutory definition of employer.Transfer Vol. Lex K. Larson, Employment Discrimination§ T46.00 at T-628 (2d ed. 1994).

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission(hereinafter "EEOC") has taken the position that discrimination by the union against its employee, who is not a member of the employing union, is covered under Title VII if the labor union meets the "employer" definition or if it qualifies as a labor organization under the act.SeeEEOC Dec. No. 7157, 3 F.E.P. 94(July 17, 1970)andEEOC CaseNo. 7-3-336U, 1 F.E.P. 909(June 18, 1969).

On the other hand, the United States District Court of Minnesota has not adopted an either/or approach.Phelps v. Molders, Local63, 25 F.E.P. 1164 (D.Minn.1981).Instead, the federal court held that the federal counterpart to W.Va.Code, 5-11-9(c)[1981] applies only to dealings with employers or its membership and not to employer/employee relationships of the labor union.The federal court stated that if one is concerned with the employee/employer relationship, then the relevant Code section is the one defining employer: "There is no indication anywhere in the statute that a labor union as an employer is to be treated differently than any other employer (in other words, that it should not have to meet the definition of employer ...)."Phelpsat 1166.Cf.Chavero v. Local 241, 787 F.2d 1154, 1155 n. 1(7th Cir.1986)(The 7th Circuit quoted Phelps for the proposition that a labor organization must meet the definition of employer under Title VII before it will be held liable for unlawful discriminatory practices against its employee; however, the 7th Circuit was not required to decide this issue because the plaintiff had not appealed this issue.)But cf.Sciss v. Metal Polishers Union Local 8A, 562 F.Supp. 293(S.D.N.Y.1983)(The plaintiff, in her argument, cites to the EEOC position that the union, as an employer, can still be sued pursuant to Title VII, even though it does not meet the definition of employer.The court held that the plaintiff was not an employee of the union; therefore, it did not address the plaintiff's argument.)

Lex Larson stated the following when discussing this issue:

Although the conflict between Phelps and the earlier EEOC decisions has been frequently discussed, no court has yet decided the issue.However, the Phelps interpretation is preferable as more consistent with the scheme of Title VII.Congress expressly exempted employers having fewer than fifteen employees; there is no clear reason why unions should be singled out for harsher treatment.And such an interpretation does not detract from the union's liability for actions it takes against individuals when it acts as a labor organization.

Larson, supra at T-631 (footnotes omitted).We agree.

Accordingly, we hold that pursuant to the West Virginia Human Rights Act, set forth in W.Va.Code, 5-11-1 et seq., a labor organization is liable for unlawful discriminatory practices in its capacity as an employer only if it meets the definition of employer set forth in W.Va.Code, 5-11-3(d)[1981] because W.Va.Code, 5-11-9(c)[1981] only applies to a labor organization's representative capacity which involves its dealings with employers and union members.

III

Next, we address whether or not IBEW Local 596 employed twelve or more persons thereby meeting the definition of employer set forth in W.Va.Code, 5-11-3(d)[1981].⁸

The record indicates that there were definitely at least two full-time employees: Mr. Wine, the business manager, and the appellant, who was the secretary.There was also possibly one part-time employee: Mr. Patsy, the maintenance man.Therefore, at the most, there were definitely three employees.The appellant contends that the following other people associated with IBEW Local 596 should also be considered employees: one full-time officer, four part-time officers, five directors of the IBEW Local 596, and three apprenticeship examiners.

W.Va.Code, 5-11-3(e)[1981], which defines employee, is not helpful in determining whether officers, directors, and apprenticeship examiners are employees.However, under Title VII"members of boards of directors are not employees by any standard[.]"1 Lex K. Larson, Employment Discrimination§ 4.05...