Woods v. Harker

• Decision Date: 20 June 1974
• Docket Number: No. 1,CA-CIV,1
• Citation: 22 Ariz.App. 83,523 P.2d 1320
• Parties: Murray WOODS and Rosalie Woods, husband and wife, Appellants and Cross-Appellees, v. Glen HARKER and Joan Harker, husband and wife, Appellees and Cross-Appellants. 2048.
• Court: Arizona Court of Appeals

Page 1320

523 P.2d 1320

22 Ariz.App. 83

Murray WOODS and Rosalie Woods, husband and wife, Appellants and Cross-Appellees, v. Glen HARKER and Joan Harker, husband and wife, Appellees and Cross-Appellants.

No. 1 CA-CIV 2048.

Court of Appeals of Arizona, Division 1, Department B.

June 20, 1974.

Rehearing Denied July 22, 1974.

Jennings, Strouss & Salmon by W. Michael Flood, Phoenix, for appellants and cross-appellees.

Bellamak & Mitchell by Ferris W. Bellamak and T. W. Shumway, Scottsdale, for appellees and cross-appellants.

OPINION

HAIRE, Presiding Judge.

Both the plaintiffs and the defendants have appealed from an order entered by the trial court granting plaintiffs' motion for a new trial. The defendants contend that plaintiffs' motion for new trial should not have been granted. The plaintiffs, in turn, have questioned the correctness of that portion of the trial court's order which requires that on retrial, the issue of defendants' liability be separated and tried before the issue of damages. On the facts here presented, we hold that the trial court properly granted the plaintiffs' motion for new trial, and did not abuse its discretion in separating the issues of liability and damages on retrial.

The facts necessary for our determination are as follows. The plaintiffs (husband and wife) were injured as the result of the capsizing of a boat in which they were passengers. The boat was owned by the defendants (husband and wife), and at the time of the accident was being operated by the defendant-wife. At trial, the plaintiffs sought to prove that at some time prior to the accident, a small object became lodged against the stabilizing fins on the boat's hull, thus reducing the boat's stability and causing it to capsize. Plaintiffs further alleged that the existence of this condition was evidenced by unusual or excessive spray entering the boat, and that the defendant-wife was aware or should have been aware of this abnormal condition, but failed to take remedial action.

Contrary to the plaintiffs' contentions, the defendant-wife steadfastly maintained that the spray was not unusual or excessive, and that therefore she was unaware of any abnormally dangerous situation. Additionally, defendants presented evidence which indicated that the spray as testified to by the plaintiffs had nothing to do with the boat's capsizing, but rather that the capsizing was caused by the boat striking a submerged object.

The case was submitted to the jury which returned a verdict for the defendants. The trial court instructed the jury on sudden peril as follows:

'When an operator of a motor boat, who without negligence on his part is suddenly and unexpectedly confronted with peril arising from either the presence or the appearance of imminent danger to himself or to others, he is neither expected nor required to use the same judgment and prudence that is required of him in calmer and more deliberate moments. His duty is to exercise only that care which an ordinarily prudent person would exercise in the same situation. If at that moment he does what appears to him to be the best thing to do, and if his choice and manner of action are the same as might have been followed by an ordinarily prudent person under the same conditions, he does all that the law requires of him, although in the light of after events, it should appear that a different course would have been better and safer.'

It was the giving of this instruction which plaintiffs challenged in their motion for new trial. After taking the motion under advisement, the trial court granted it on the basis that the above-quoted instruction should not have been given, since it was not supported by the evidence introduced at trial.

With regard to defendants' appeal, we note as an initial matter that a trial court has considerable discretion in granting or denying a motion for new trial, Rodriguez v. Williams, 107 Ariz. 458, 489 P.2d 268 (1971), and its decision relating thereto will not be disturbed unless there is a clear showing of an abuse of discretion. Swick v. White, 18 Ariz.App. 519, 504 P.2d 50 (1972). Keeping these principles in mind, we now consider whether the giving of the sudden peril instruction was proper.

The defendants contend that the giving of said instruction was proper as, in their view, all the elements of that doctrine were supported by the evidence. The plaintiffs however, urge that the instruction was not supported by the evidence in that the defendant-wife denied subjective awareness of any danger while she was operating the boat. Defendants counter this argument by urging that subjective knowledge of the peril on the part of the actor in a sudden peril situation is not required. Their position appears to be that the defendant need not actually acknowledge subjective awareness of the peril, and, that the instruction may be given if there is any objective evidence from which a jury could find that the defendant knew or should have known of the peril. We do not agree. The Arizona Supreme Court in Sheehy v. Murphy, 93 Ariz. 297. 380 P.2d 152 (1963) stated:

'[W]hen a person, who without negligence on his part, is suddenly and unexpectedly confronted with peril arising from either the presence or appearance of imminent danger to himself or to others, he is neither expected nor required to use the same judgment and prudence that is required of him in calmer and more deliberate moments. His duty is to exercise only that care which an ordinarily prudent person would exercise in the same situation. If at that moment he does what appears to him to be the best thing to do, and if his choice and manner of action are the same as might have been followed by an ordinarily prudent person under the same conditions, he does all the law requires of him, although, in the light of after-events it should appear that a different course would have been better and safer.' 93 Ariz. at 299, 300, 380 P.2d at 154.

Further, it has been held that there must be two or more alternative courses of action open to the actor to justify a sudden peril instruction. Dobbertin v. Johnson, 95 Ariz. 356, 390 P.2d 849 (1964). It is apparent then that to warrant a sudden peril instruction the actor must have been faced with a known actual emergency situation, (or reasonably think that he was) and at that time have two or more alternative courses of conduct open to him. The reasonableness of his subsequent conduct is evaluated in light of his choice between the available alternatives, taking into consideration the suddenness of the emergency and the consequent effect on the actor's ability to make a reasonable response. Before the fact finder can evaluate the reasonableness of the course of conduct the actor elects, it must be established that the actor did in fact make some choice between alternatives. Implicit in this is the requirement that the actor have subjective awareness of the existence of a perilous situation which requires him to make a choice. If the actor denies that he perceived any danger, then his actions cannot be the product of the emergency situation, and hence an instruction on sudden peril is not warranted.

In accord with our rationale is the case of Bosserman v. Olmstead, 77 Cal.App.2d 236, 175 P.2d 49 (1946) wherein the court stated:

'The refusal to give this instruction was correct for the reason that there is nowhere in the record...