Workman v. Cardwell

Decision Date08 December 1972
Docket Number72-1427.,No. 72-1426,72-1426
Citation471 F.2d 909
PartiesScott S. WORKMAN, Petitioner-Appellee, v. Harold J. CARDWELL, Warden, etc., Respondent-Appellant. Scott S. WORKMAN, Petitioner-Cross-Appellant, v. Harold J. CARDWELL, Warden, etc., Respondent-Cross-Appellee.
CourtU.S. Court of Appeals — Sixth Circuit

Paul Mancino, Jr., Cleveland, Ohio, for Scott S. Workman.

Jeffrey L. McClelland, Asst. Atty. Gen., for Harold J. Cardwell, Warden; William J. Brown, Atty. Gen., of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio, on brief.

Before PHILLIPS, Chief Judge, and CELEBREZZE and PECK, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

This is an appeal and a cross-appeal from the District Court's decision granting habeas corpus relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The factual bases underlying Petitioner Workman's claims for relief are set forth in the District Court's Memorandum Opinion and Order, reported at 338 F.Supp. 893, and will be repeated herein only as necessary to frame several of the issues raised by the respective appeals.

As its primary issue on appeal, Respondent contends that the District Court erred in concluding that the investigating police officer's use of a single photograph of Petitioner, from which the victim identified Petitioner as the man who had committed the robbery, seems to have been "undeniably suggestive" and constituted a denial of due process. See 338 F.Supp. at 896. Under the circumstances surrounding this identification procedure in the present case, we find that the District Court did not err in the above conclusion, based on the guidelines set forth in Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 383-386, 88 S.Ct. 967, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968). Significantly, there was only one eyewitness to the robbery in the present case, and his out-of-court identification of Petitioner was based on the single photograph, notwithstanding the fact that the witness viewed twenty or more "mug shots" soon after the robbery.1 Compare Simmons v. United States, supra, 390 U.S. at 385, 88 S.Ct. 967, with United States v. Fowler, 439 F.2d 133, 134 (9th Cir. 1971).

We are unable to hold that the District Court was clearly erroneous in thus finding that this identification procedure was impermissibly suggestive and in further finding that the out-of-court identification influenced the victim's in-court identification of Petitioner. On the basis of this determination alone, we affirm the District Court's grant of the writ of habeas corpus.

Whereas disposition of the present appeals does not require us to resolve the additional issues raised by the parties, we deem it advisable to treat several of those issues for the guidance of the state trial court in the event that Petitioner is retried.

We agree with the District Court's determination that the asserted "search" of Petitioner's automobile was not unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment. See 338 F.Supp. at 896. As described in the District Court's opinion, Petitioner's automobile, with the engine running and bearing an expired California license plate, was observed by the police in the immediate vicinity of the store. Upon learning of the robbery, the police placed the automobile under surveillance for several hours, after which they decided to have it towed. Entering the automobile just prior to the tow, a policeman saw a manilla Ohio License Bureau envelope lying on the front seat. The policeman opened the envelope and found Ohio license plates which had been issued to Petitioner. To the extent that this action by the policeman can be deemed a search and seizure, we conclude that it was permissible under the considerations set forth in Chambers v. Maroney, 399 U.S. 42, 46-52, 90 S.Ct. 1975, 26 L.Ed.2d 419 (1970) (distinguishing between home and automobile searches) and the "plain view" doctrine as applied in Harris v. United States, 390 U.S. 234, 88 S.Ct. 992, 19 L.Ed.2d 1067 (1968).

The District Court correctly ruled that Petitioner's challenge of the validity of the arrest warrant — absent any claim that Petitioner was thereby deprived of a fair trial — does not rise to the level of a constitutional claim cognizable in a federal habeas corpus proceeding. See 338 F.Supp. at 896; Haney v. Nelson, 414 F.2d 801 (9th Cir. 1969); Lopez v. Burke, 413 F.2d 992, 994 (7th Cir. 1969); Abraham v. Wainwright, 407 F.2d 826, 828 (5th Cir. 1969); Woods v. Hanley, 398 F.2d 826, n. 2 (4th Cir. 1968); Fernandez v. Klinger, 346 F.2d 210, 211-212 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 382 U.S. 895, 86 S.Ct. 191, 15 L.Ed.2d 152 (1965). Petitioner does not assert that any evidence obtained incident to his arrest was introduced at trial or that his trial was otherwise affected by the asserted defect in the arrest warrant.

The District Court was also correct in its conclusion that Petitioner's claim that the trial court failed to dismiss a prospective juror for cause, requiring Petitioner to employ one of his peremptory challenges, does not in itself constitute a denial of a fair trial, cognizable in a federal habeas corpus proceeding. See ...

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  • U.S. v. Campbell
    • United States
    • U.S. District Court — Eastern District of Michigan
    • April 20, 2009
    ...protestations notwithstanding, the photographic identification procedures used here were unduly suggestive. See Workman v. Cardwell, 471 F.2d 909, 910 (6th Cir.1972), cert. denied, 412 U.S. 932, 93 S.Ct. 2748, 2762, 37 L.Ed.2d 161 (1973) (investigating police officer's use of a single photo......
  • U.S. v. Williams
    • United States
    • U.S. District Court — Western District of Kentucky
    • August 20, 2009
    ...of federal decisions discuss this exact issue. See United States v. Coccia, 446 F.3d 233, 237-41 (1st Cir.2006); Workman v. Cardwell, 471 F.2d 909, 910 (6th Cir.1972); United States v. Goodrich, 183 F.Supp.2d 135, 137-43 The Coccia and Goodrich decisions are particularly helpful examples of......
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    • United States
    • U.S. District Court — Eastern District of Tennessee
    • December 18, 1980
    ... ... However, the number of persons who flee is minimal compared to the number who appear when called. * * *" Workman v. Cardwell, D.C. Ohio (1972), 338 F.Supp. 893, 898 8, affirmed in part and vacated in part on other grounds, C.A. 6th (1973), 471 F.2d 909, ... ...
  • Brathwaite v. Manson
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    • May 3, 1976
    ...(1973), and seemingly by the Fifth Circuit, Rudd v. State of Florida, 477 F.2d 805, 809 (1973), and the Sixth Circuit, Workman v. Cardwell, 471 F.2d 909, 910 (1972), cert. denied, 412 U.S. 932, 93 S.Ct. 2748, 37 L.Ed.2d 161 (1973). Cf. Souza v. Howard, 488 F.2d 462, 465 (1 Cir. 1973), cert.......
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