WR Stephens Co. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue

• Citation: 199 F.2d 665
• Decision Date: 15 December 1952
• Docket Number: No. 14499.,14499.
• Parties: W. R. STEPHENS CO. v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (8th Circuit)

199 F.2d 665 (1952)

W. R. STEPHENS CO. v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE.

No. 14499.

United States Court of Appeals Eighth Circuit.

November 13, 1952.

Rehearing Denied December 15, 1952.

R. H. Fryberger, Minneapolis, Minn., for petitioner.

Melva M. Graney, Sp. Asst. to Atty. Gen. (Ellis N. Slack, Acting Asst. Atty. Gen., and A. F. Prescott and Carolyn R. Just, Sp. Assts. to Atty. Gen., on the brief), for respondent.

Before SANBORN, JOHNSEN and COLLET, Circuit Judges.

SANBORN, Circuit Judge.

This is a petition to review a decision of the Tax Court of the United States redetermining deficiencies in the petitioner's excess profits taxes for the years 1944 and 1945 and income tax for the year 1945.

The petitioner is a dealer in new and used automobiles. It has a franchise from the General Motors Corporation for the sale of Buick automobiles. The principal place of petitioner's business is in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It also has a place of business in St. Paul. Under or by virtue of its franchise, the petitioner in 1941 and 1942 acquired from the Buick factory or from other Buick dealers more than three hundred new Buick cars of the 1942 model. During the war years 1942 to 1945, new automobiles were not being produced, and sales of new cars of the 1942 model were closely restricted by the Government. During that period the petitioner was engaged in dealing in used cars and gas and electrical household appliances. It was also a subcontractor under war contracts. The petitioner received no new Buick cars from the Buick factory until May 1946.

During the taxable years in suit twenty-eight 1942 Buick automobiles were being used, or were assigned for use, by the petitioner in the conduct of its business. Twenty-six of these cars had been acquired in 1941 and two in 1942. In 1944 the petitioner sold four of the twenty-eight cars. In 1945 it sold sixteen of the cars. The cars were sold at prices equal to those obtainable for new cars of the same model.

The petitioner claimed that the twenty-eight cars were property which was subject to allowance for depreciation in 1944 and 1945, under § 23(l) of the Internal Revenue Code, 26 U.S.C.A. § 23(l), which provides for "A reasonable allowance for the exhaustion, wear and tear (including a reasonable allowance for obsolescence) — (1) of property used in the trade or business, or (2) of property held for the production of income."

The petitioner also claimed that the profits resulting from the sales of such of the cars in suit as were sold in 1944 and 1945 were long-term capital gains, and not ordinary income. This because of § 117 (j) of the Internal Revenue Code, 26 U.S. C.A. § 117(j), which, in effect, provides that gains from sales of property used in a trade or business and held for more than six months shall be considered as long-term capital gains from sales of capital assets if the property is not held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of the taxpayer's trade or business.¹

The respondent contends, and the Tax Court found, that the cars in suit were "property held by the taxpayer primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of his its trade or business" within the meaning of § 117(j) (1), and were not subject to allowance for depreciation, and that the gains from the sales of the cars were ordinary income.

The petitioner asserts that its evidence conclusively showed that the cars in suit were not primarily held for sale to customers in the ordinary course of its business, and that the finding of the Tax Court that they were so held is clearly erroneous.

The question which concerns us is whether there is adequate evidentiary support for the finding of the Tax Court. If there is, the decision under review must be affirmed. If there is not, the case must be remanded to that Court for a redetermination of the tax liability of the petitioner for the years in question.

In its 1944 tax return the petitioner deducted $2,457.58 as claimed depreciation on fourteen of the Buick cars in suit. This deduction was disallowed by the respondent upon the ground that the cars were held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of petitioner's business. In its 1945 tax return the petitioner deducted $2,259.15 as depreciation on nineteen of the cars in suit. The respondent disallowed the deduction for the same reason it had disallowed the similar deduction claimed in the petitioner's 1944 return.

In its 1945 return the petitioner reported a long-term capital gain of $14,151.92 on the sale of sixteen of the cars in suit. The respondent ruled that gains from the sales of these cars were ordinary income, since the cars were held primarily for sale to customers.

The petitioner took no deduction for claimed depreciation on nineteen of the cars in suit in its 1941, 1942 and 1943 income tax returns. With respect to the additional nine cars asserted to be in company use on December 31, 1943, no depreciation was claimed in petitioner's returns or on its books between the dates of acquisition, 1941, (except for one car acquired March 10, 1942) and December 31, 1945. Six of these nine cars were sold between December 31, 1943, and December 31, 1945. The income from the sale of these six cars was reported by the petitioner as ordinary income, and not as capital gain. The petitioner now asserts that it was in error in so reporting the income from the sale of these cars, and that its tax liability should be adjusted accordingly.

The petitioner's system of bookkeeping was that prescribed by the General Motors Corporation for its dealers. The cars in suit were initially carried in what was known as Account No. 231, "New cars held in inventory available for sale." The cars were then transferred from that account to Account No. 230, "Company cars." As of May, 1944, fourteen of the cars were transferred to Account No. 285, a fixed asset account. The Treasurer of the petitioner testified that this last transfer was made on the recommendation of petitioner's Auditor, J. W. Stokes Company of New York. He testified: "They said that we petitioner should set up depreciation on them the cars, and to depreciate them they decided to put them in service cars. * * * Their auditors came out to St. Paul from New York, and it was during one of these audits that someone from the auditors told our Treasurer then Mr. Grover to transfer them the cars, and that is the way it happened."

New cars held for sale by petitioner were financed under the "floor plan" of the General Motors Acceptance Corporation. Under this plan petitioner signed a trust receipt in which it agreed to keep the cars new and unused, and only to move them from one warehouse to another. The cars could be used for display purposes, but were not to be used on the street for demonstration purposes. They were covered only by fire insurance.

Under another plan called a "Demonstration Agreement," petitioner financed 75 per cent of the cost of a new Buick car and was then permitted to use it for any purpose. A car so financed was covered by fire, comprehensive, and collision insurance. All of the twenty-eight cars in suit were financed under "Demonstration Agreement" during 1941, except the two cars received in 1942, which were financed on the same plan.

With reference to the practice of petitioner in transferring new cars from one account to another, its Treasurer testified as follows:

"The processes by which these new cars go into the account and are transferred to another account are these. As the cars are purchased from the factory they come in on factory invoices and we automatically put them into the new car inventory. That is in account 231, and when the car is — sometimes the cars are definitely set aside for company use before they are received. We order them for specific purposes. But through our procedure of bookkeeping they would go through the 231 account and then be transferred out to company car inventory. That would be account 230. No car under the floor plan would be in account 230. They would all be on the demonstration plan."

The petitioner's Treasurer also testified: "Cars used as demonstrator or company cars, courtesy cars, or cars for salesmen were classified with the company cars in the dealers' standard accounting system. They were not classified as dealer-owned demonstrators. They were called company cars which would include demonstrator; any car that is used for company purposes."

There were printed instructions on the back of each form of "Demonstration Agreement," reading as follows:

"Period of accommodation is not to exceed the number of months between date car is placed on demonstration and the next new model announcement.

"Dealer Release Order should be used to remit monthly payments or to pay full amount when motor vehicle is released from Demonstration Agreement."

The period between the date the car was placed on demonstration and the next new model announcement would not exceed one year under normal circumstances. Under the abnormal war conditions, the period was, of course, greatly extended, apparently until 1946.

It had always been the petitioner's practice, in connection with selling new Buick cars, to assign a number of such cars to certain of its officers and employees, mainly for use as demonstrators and courtesy cars. Courtesy cars were used for the accommodation of customers whose cars were laid up for repairs. During the years in suit, the petitioner also used some of the twenty-eight cars in suit in procuring used cars over a wide territory, the sale and servicing of household appliances, the procurement of automobile parts, and the carrying out of the defense work which had been contracted for by petitioner.

A list showing the serial numbers of the cars in suit and the persons to whom they were assigned, appears in the record. It is difficult to analyze the list, due to the uncertainty as to the significance of what appear to be pencil notations...