Wright v. Arcade School Dist.

• Decision Date: 19 October 1964
• Citation: 230 Cal.App.2d 272,40 Cal.Rptr. 812
• Parties: David WRIGHT, a minor, etc., Plaintiff and Appellant, v. ARCADE SCHOOL DISTRICT et al., Defendants and Respondents. Civ. 10743.
• Court: California Court of Appeals Court of Appeals

Page 812

40 Cal.Rptr. 812

230 Cal.App.2d 272

David WRIGHT, a minor, etc., Plaintiff and Appellant, v. ARCADE SCHOOL DISTRICT et al., Defendants and Respondents.

Civ. 10743.

District Court of Appeal, Third District, California.

Oct. 19, 1964.

Hearing Denied Dec. 17, 1964.

Eissinger & Evans, Jones, Lamb, Jarboe & Boli, Sacramento, for appellant.

McGregor & Bullen, Sacramento, for respondents.

FRIEDMAN, Justice.

Plaintiff, then a 5-year-old boy, was struck by an automobile while crossing a public street on his way to school. Through his guardian ad litem, he brought this negligence action against the automobile driver and the school district. At the completion of his trial counsel's opening statement, the court granted the school district's motion for nonsuit and plaintiff appeals.

A nonsuit following the plaintiff's opening statement should be granted "'only where it is clear that counsel has undertaken to state all of the facts which he expects to prove, and it is plainly evident that the facts thus to be proved will not constitute a cause of action."' (Weyburn v. California Kamloops, Inc., 200 Cal.App.2d 239, 241, 19 Cal.Rptr. 357, 358.) The record demonstrates that counsel for plaintiff anticipated the nonsuit motion and had thoroughly reviewed the law on school district liability. Asked by the trial judge whether he had anything to add to his statement, he asknowledged with commendable frankness that his statement described the ultimate facts he was prepared to prove. In this procedural context, the nonsuit should be affirmed if the opening statement omitted facts which, as a matter of law, were an indispensable condition of school district liability. (Gallegos v. Union-Tribune Publishing Co., 195 Cal.App.2d 791, 796, 16 Cal.Rptr. 185.)

We summarize plaintiff's opening statement: David Wright was a 5-year-old boy attending kindergarten at the Howe Avenue School operated by defendant school district. The school was located on Howe Avenue 500 feet south of its intersection with El Camino. David lived on the other side of El Camino Avenue and had to cross the latter street enroute between home and school. El Camino Avenue was a major traffic artery in the suburban area where the school was located. Peak flows of traffic occurred at 8:00 a. m., at noon, and at 5:00 p. m. each day. At these times kindergarten pupils crossed El Camino Avenue to reach school before and after morning or afternoon kindergarten sessions. The intersection was controlled by electric traffic signals. Prior to the date of David's injury other school children had been struck by cars at the intersection and nearby points on El Camino Avenue. School officials were aware of these accidents and instructed students, including David, to cross El Camino Avenue only at this particular intersection. At one time the school officials had maintained a school safety patrol to supervise pupils crossing the intersection. The safety patrol had been removed over the protests of a parents' organization. After removal of the patrol, the only method of traffic control was the electric traffic signal. While crossing El Camino Avenue on his way to school David was hit and seriously injured by an automobile driven by defendant Robert Busby. The accident occurred at about noon, one of the periods of peak traffic flow. The accident (according to counsel's statement) was caused by the negligent driving of Busby and by the negligence of the school district in failing to provide protection to David and other pupils.

An indispensable condition of negligence liability is a duty of care owed by the alleged wrongdoer to the injured person or to a class of which he is a member. (Amaya v. Home Ice, Fuel & Supply Co., 59 Cal.2d 295, 307, 29 Cal.Rptr. 33, 379 P.2d 513; Richards v. Stanley, 43 Cal.2d 60, 63, 271 P.2d 23; Raymond v. Paradise Unified School Dist., 218 Cal.App.2d 1, 6, 31 Cal.Rptr. 847.) Existence of a duty of care is initially a question of law for determination by the court, although, when reasonable foreseeability of injury is involved, the latter element is a jury question. (See Hergenrether v. East, 61 A.C. 482, 39 Cal.Rptr. 4, 393 P.2d 164; Richards v. Stanley, supra, 43 Cal.2d at pp. 66-67, 271 P.2d 23.) The question before us is whether plaintiff's opening statement included provable facts demonstrating existence of a duty of care.

Failure to exercise care may manifest itself in the course of affirmative action (misfeasance) or in a failure to act (nonfeasance). One who voluntarily engages in affirmative action has a duty to use care in performing the assumed task. (McGuigan v. Southern Pacific Co., 112 Cal.App.2d 704, 718, 247 P.2d 415.) Ordinarily a failure to act does not amount to actionable negligence unless there is a duty to act emanating from some special relationship recognized by law. (Kennedy v. Chase, 119 Cal. 637, 640, 52 P. 33; Toomey v. Southern Pacific R. R. Co., 86 Cal. 374, 381, 24 P. 1074, 10 L.R.A. 139; Bartlett v. State of California, 145 Cal.App.2d 50, 56-57, 301 P.2d 985; Rest., Torts, secs. 284, 314-315; Prosser on Torts (2d ed.) pp. 182-183; see also Collenburg v. County of Los Angeles, 150 Cal.App.2d 795, 803-805, 310 P.2d 989.) Ordinarily, a person has no duty to take affirmative steps to protect another from harm emanating from a third person. (Richards v. Stanley, supra, 43 Cal.2d at pp. 65, 67, 271 P.2d 23.)

These general concepts of negligence law apply to school districts no less than private persons. Thus, in Raymond v. Paradise Unified School Dist., supra, 218 Cal.App.2d at page 9, 31 Cal.Rptr. 847, this court stated that a school district is under no legal duty to transport its pupils between home and school; but once it assumes that activity it is obligated to provide a reasonably safe system. (See also Kerwin v. County of San Mateo, 176 Cal.App.2d 304, 307, 1 Cal.Rptr. 437; Girard v. Monrovia City School Dist., 121 Cal.App.2d 737, 743, 364 P.2d 115.) Similar considerations attend the protection of pupils at street crossings between home and school. A statute authorizes but does not require establishment of school safety patrols to assist pupils in crossing streets. (Ed. Code, sec. 12051.) Cities may spend traffic fine income to pay special school crossing guards. (Veh.Code, sec. 42200.) In unincorporated areas, utilization of county highway funds to pay pedestrian crossing guards furnished by the State Highway Patrol has been recognized. (17 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 157.) Highway authorities may install flashing signals and specially paint crosswalks in proximity to schoolgrounds. (Veh.Code, secs. 21367-21368.) These statutory expressions emphasize that safety protection at street crossings outside schoolgrounds is a municipal rather than school district function. (See also 24 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 143.) Statutory duties and powers of school districts relative to the protection of pupils' health and safety are set out in the Education Code (see especially pt. 2, div. 9, secs. 11701-12081). Nowhere does the Education Code impose upon districts a statutory obligation to supply traffic protection to pupils enroute between home and school.

In Raymond v. Paradise Unified School District, supra, we summarized the various factors which lead to imposition of a duty of care, as follows: 'An affirmative declaration of duty simply amounts to a statement that two parties stand in such relationship that the law will impose on one a responsibility for the exercise of care toward the other. Inherent in this simple description are various and sometimes delicate policy judgments. The social utility of the activity out of which the injury arises, compared with the risks involved in its conduct; the kind of person with whom the actor is dealing; the workability of a rule of care, especially in terms of the parties' relative ability to adopt practical means of preventing injury; the relative ability of the parties to bear the financial burden of injury and the availability of means by which the loss may be shifted or spread; the body of statutes and judicial precedents which color the parties' relationship; the prophylactic effect of a rule of liability; in the case of a public agency defendant, the extent of its powers, the role imposed upon it by law and the limitations impowed upon it by budget; and finally, the moral imperatives which judges share with their fellow citizens--such are the factors which play a role in the determination of duty.' (218 Cal.App.2d at p. 8, 31 Cal.Rptr. at p. 851.)

Since a finding of duty may rest imposed upon it by budget; and finally, policy, as well as legislative declarations (Amaya v. Home Ice, Fuel & Supply Co., supra, 59 Cal.2d at pp. 308-309, 29 Cal.Rptr. 33, 379 P.2d 513), the absence of statutory requirements for traffic protection of school pupils off the schoolgrounds is not completely determinative. Plaintiff strongly urges the dangerous character of the busy El Camino Avenue crossing, its close proximity to the school, the daily use of this crossing by the five-year-old plaintiff and other children, the district's knowledge of this condition, and the reasonable foreseeability of harm in the absence of a safety patrol or other preventive means--all these elements having been described in his trial counsel's opening statement. In effect, plaintiff seeks a judicial declaration of duty resting primarily upon the foreseeability of harm.

Foreseeability of harm is one, but only one, of the factors begetting a duty of care. Its role as a duty factor was painstakingly evaluated by Mr. Justice Schauer in the Amaya case, supra, 59 Cal.2d at pp. 308-309, 315, 29 Cal.Rptr. 33, 379 P.2d 513. Suffice it to say that there are many situations involving foreseeable risks where there is no duty. (Richards v. Stanley, supra, 43 Cal.2d at p. 66, 271 P.2d 23.) Obversely, there are some special situations in which the high potential of risk to the plaintiff, coupled with the ease of protective steps...