Yarbray v. Southern Bell Tel. & Tel. Co.

• Decision Date: 01 November 1991
• Docket Number: No. S91G0431,S91G0431
• Citation: 409 S.E.2d 835,261 Ga. 703
• Court: Georgia Supreme Court
• Parties: , 57 Fair Empl.Prac.Cas. (BNA) 579, 62 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 42,389 YARBRAY v. SOUTHERN BELL TELEPHONE & TELEGRAPH COMPANY.

Page 835

409 S.E.2d 835

261 Ga. 703, 57 Fair Empl.Prac.Cas. (BNA) 579,

62 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 42,389

YARBRAY v. SOUTHERN BELL TELEPHONE & TELEGRAPH COMPANY.

No. S91G0431.

Supreme Court of Georgia.

Nov. 1, 1991.

Reconsideration Denied Nov. 27, 1991.

James Lee Ford, Ford & Haley, Atlanta, for Yarbray.

John F. Wymer, III, Deborah A. Sudbury, Jones, Day, Reavis & Pogue, Atlanta, for Southern Bell. HUNT, Justice.

We granted certiorari to the Court of Appeals to review its affirmance of the trial court's grant of summary judgment to defendant Southern Bell Telephone & Telegraph Company on plaintiff Shirley Yarbray's claims of invasion of privacy and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Yarbray v. Southern Bell Telephone & Telegraph Co., 197 Ga.App. 846, 399 S.E.2d 718 (1990). We affirm in part and reverse in part.

Shirley Yarbray worked in the personnel department at Southern Bell's headquarters, where she investigated employment discrimination claims and administered guidelines for the selection and promotion of management personnel. When she was passed over for a promotion to supervisor, she filed an employment discrimination suit against the company. While that case was pending, Yarbray was a witness in a similar suit filed by another Southern Bell employee who was represented by the same attorney. Yarbray was told by Southern Bell's counsel before her testimony that he expected her to tell the truth and "he hoped that this would not affect [her] job ...." ¹ After she testified, describing what she perceived as discrimination at the company, Southern Bell settled the other employee's suit. Soon after, Yarbray was transferred to another division. Southern Bell claims the reason for the transfer was to take advantage of her expertise in personnel matters and to enhance her career, as well as to resolve the conflict created by her working in the employment discrimination department while her own case was pending against the company. Yarbray viewed the transfer as a demotion to a meaningless position where she was underused, undervalued, and abused by her supervisor. She claims the company threatened that she would lose her job if she testified against the company, and, after she testified, retaliated by transferring her to an unsatisfactory employment situation. She contends these acts amount to an invasion of privacy and intentional infliction of emotional distress, for which she seeks damages.

The Court of Appeals held Yarbray's allegations were insufficient as a matter of law to sustain a claim under either theory of tort liability and affirmed the grant of summary judgment to Southern Bell. We affirm in part and reverse in part.

1. Yarbray contends the Court of Appeals erred by affirming the trial court's grant of summary judgment to Southern Bell on her invasion of privacy claim. Invasion of privacy was first recognized in this state in the landmark case of Pavesich v. New England Life Insurance Co., 122 Ga. 190, 50 S.E. 68 (1904):

The right of privacy is embraced within the absolute rights of personal security and personal liberty. Personal security includes the right to exist and the right to the enjoyment of life while existing ... Personal liberty includes not only freedom from physical restraint, but also the right "to be let alone,"...

In Cabaniss v. Hipsley, 114 Ga.App. 367, 370, 151 S.E.2d 496 (1966), Judge Eberhardt adopted the analysis of the tort of "invasion of privacy" accepted by a number of legal scholars, dividing that right into:

(1) Intrusion upon the plaintiff's seclusion or solitude, or into his private affairs; (2) public disclosure of embarrassing facts about the plaintiff; (3) publicity which places the plaintiff in a false light in the public eye; (4) appropriation for the defendant's advantage, of the plaintiff's name or likeness. ²

Yarbray's allegations, if they state any claim under this theory, can fall only within the first category: the right to seclusion or solitude and the privacy of one's affairs.

The "unreasonable intrusion" aspect of the invasion of privacy involves a prying or intrusion, which would be offensive or objectionable to a reasonable person, into a person's private concerns. Keeton, Prosser & Keeton on Torts § 117 at pp. 855-856 (5th ed. 1984). See also Adams & Adams, Georgia Law of Torts (1989) § 29-3 at pp. 342-343. "[H]ighly personal questions or demands by a person in authority may be regarded as an intrusion on psychological solitude or integrity and hence an invasion of privacy." Keeton, Prosser & Keeton on Torts, supra, at p. 121 (Supp.1988). However, "[t]here are some shocks, inconveniences and annoyances which members of society in the nature of things must absorb without the right of redress." Davis v. General Fin. & Thrift Corp., 80 Ga.App. 708, 711, 57 S.E.2d 225 (1950).

We agree with the trial court and the Court of Appeals that Yarbray's allegations do not constitute an unreasonable intrusion to support a claim of an invasion of privacy. ³ Yarbray contends she was entitled to testify in the trial of her peer without being influenced by the company. However, the company's interests were at stake and it was not unreasonable, nor was it an invasion of Yarbray's privacy to warn her of the company's concerns about her testimony. ⁴ Further, there is no way in which Yarbray's transfer (which the company had every right to do for any or no reason, absent discrimination prohibited by federal law) can be viewed as violative of her right of privacy.

Accordingly, the company's conduct was, as a matter of law, not an unreasonable intrusion which would support a claim for invasion of privacy, and the Court of Appeals did not err in affirming the trial court's grant of summary judgment on this issue.

2. However, we reach a different conclusion regarding Yarbray's action for intentional infliction of emotional distress. The Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46(1) (1965) defines this tort as follows:

One who by extreme and outrageous conduct intentionally or recklessly causes severe emotional distress to another is subject to liability for such emotional distress, and if bodily harm to the other results from it, for such bodily harm.

See also, Georgia Law of Torts, supra § 29-2 at p. 340; Bridges v. Winn-Dixie Atlanta, Inc., 176 Ga.App. 227, 229(1), 335 S.E.2d 445 (1985).

The conduct complained of must have been extreme and outrageous to support a claim under this theory. See Comment d § 46(1) of the Restatement (Second) of Torts ("Generally, the case is one in which the recitation of the facts to an average member of the community would arouse his resentment against the actor, and leave him to exclaim 'Outrageous!' "); see also Gordon v. Frost, 193 Ga.App. 517, 521, 388 S.E.2d 362 (1989). Also, the resulting emotional distress must be severe to impose liability for this tort. See Comment j § 46(1) of the Restatement (Second) of Torts; Bridges v. Winn-Dixie Atlanta Inc., supra, 176 Ga.App. at 230(1), 335 S.E.2d 445.

Whether a claim rises to the requisite level of outrageousness and egregiousness to sustain a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress is a question of law. Gordon v. Frost, supra, 193 Ga.App. at 521, 388 S.E.2d 362. If the evidence shows that reasonable persons might find the presence of extreme and outrageous conduct and resultingly severe emotional distress, the jury then must find the facts and make its own determination. Id.

The fact that Southern Bell deliberately set out to retaliate against her, and to punish her for ignoring its lawyer's admonitions and testifying against the employer, which...