Yeates, In re

• Decision Date: 19 December 1986
• Docket Number: No. 84-2780,84-2780
• Citation: 807 F.2d 874
• Parties: Bankr. L. Rep. P 71,535 In re Brian Tibbetts YEATES, Debtor. Paulette B. YEATES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Brian Tibbetts YEATES, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit

Page 874

807 F.2d 874

Bankr. L. Rep. P 71,535

In re Brian Tibbetts YEATES, Debtor.

Paulette B. YEATES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Brian Tibbetts YEATES, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 84-2780.

United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.

Dec. 19, 1986.

Clint S. Judkins, Tremonton, Utah, for defendant-appellant.

N. George Daines of Daines & Kane, Logan, Utah, for plaintiff-appellee.

Before McKAY, SEYMOUR and TACHA, Circuit Judges.

McKAY, Circuit Judge.

After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed.R.App.P. 34(a); 10th Cir.R. 10(e). The cause is therefore submitted without oral argument.

Debtor, Brian Yeates, asks this court to reverse the district court's decision finding that a $6,000 debt that debtor agreed to pay when he was divorced from plaintiff, Paulette Yeates, is "in the nature of alimony, maintenance, or support" under 11 U.S.C. Sec. 523(a)(5) (1982 & Supp. III 1985), and, thus, not dischargeable in bankruptcy.

I.

Debtor and plaintiff were married on February 2, 1979. Shortly after their marriage the parties decided to purchase a home. They borrowed $12,000 from plaintiff's parents to use as a down payment and financed the remainder of the purchase price through a mortgage with First Security Bank.

Approximately one year after their marriage, plaintiff sought a divorce. Based on an agreement between the parties entitled "Stipulation, Property Settlement Agreement and Waiver," a Utah court entered a divorce decree. For purposes of this case, the pertinent portions of the stipulation are:

3. That the parties agree to waive any and all right to alimony, one from the other.

4. That the parties agree that the Plaintiff should be awarded the home of the parties ... subject to Plaintiff assuming the mortgage with First Security Bank....

....

7. That the parties agree to complete a loan with Transamerica Financial Services in the amount of $6,000.00 to be secured against the above home and shall be paid by [debtor] in consideration of Plaintiff waiving her right to alimony.

Record, vol. 1, at 101-02. The pertinent portions of the divorce decree are:

2. That neither party is awarded alimony either past, present, or in the future.

3. That the Plaintiff is awarded the home of the parties ... subject to Plaintiff assuming the mortgage with First Security Bank.

....

7. That [debtor] is hereby ordered to assume and pay the loan to [sic] Transamericia [sic] Financial Services in the amount of $6,000.00, in consideration of Plaintiff waiving her right to alimony.

Id. at 104-05. Since there were no children from the marriage, neither the decree nor the stipulation made any provision for child support payments.

After the divorce, plaintiff made the payments on the first mortgage, but debtor failed to make any payments on the $6,000 Transamerica debt. In order to meet such payments, plaintiff was forced to seek assistance from her parents.

Approximately one year after the divorce, debtor filed for bankruptcy. Shortly thereafter, plaintiff asked the bankruptcy court to declare that the Transamerica debt was nondischargeable, because it was in the nature of support ¹ under section 523(a)(5). Debtor claims that the debt is not in the nature of support, but rather represents a division of property and, thus, is dischargeable in bankruptcy. After a hearing on the merits, the bankruptcy court concluded that the plaintiff

left the marriage in no worse position that [sic] she entered it. She was still employed at the same job. She gained a home. Payments on that home were made during the period of the marriage. Presumably, there is some equity in the home. ... [T]here was no duty of support and, therefore, ... the agreement was not in the nature of alimony, maintenance or support.

Transcript of Proceedings Before the Bankruptcy Court at 104 (emphasis added). Consequently, the debt was discharged.

Plaintiff appealed to the district court, claiming that the "duty of support" standard used by the bankruptcy court was an incorrect legal standard. The district court reversed, finding that if the bankruptcy court had used the correct legal standard, it would have found that the debt was in the nature of support. Yeates v. Yeates (In re Yeates), 44 B.R. 575, 580-81 (D. Utah 1984). The issue before this court is whether the district court erred in reversing the decision of the bankruptcy court.

II.

Under Bankruptcy Rule 8013, the district court must accept findings of fact of the bankruptcy court unless those findings are clearly erroneous. First Bank v. Reid (In re Reid), 757 F.2d 230, 233 (10th Cir.1985). ² However, the clearly erroneous standard "does not apply to questions of law or mixed questions of law and fact." Jarboe v. United Bank (In re Golf Course Builders Leasing, Inc.), 768 F.2d 1167, 1169 (10th Cir.1985) (citing Stafos v. Jarvis, 477 F.2d 369 (10th Cir.1973)). Thus, the district court was correct when it stated: "This court, when hearing a bankruptcy appeal, may not set aside findings of fact made by a bankruptcy court unless they are clearly erroneous. Bankr.R. 8013. Questions of law, on the other hand, are freely reviewable on appeal." Yeates, 44 B.R. at 580.

Under Bankruptcy Rule 8013 and Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a), this court must apply the same standard. Golf Course Builders, 768 F.2d at 1169; Reid, 757 F.2d at 233. We must affirm findings of fact of the bankruptcy court unless they are clearly erroneous, but we may freely review questions of law.

III.

Plaintiff claims that the Transamerica debt is exempt from discharge under 11 U.S.C. Sec. 523(a)(5). That section, in relevant part, states:

(a) A discharge under [this act] does not discharge an individual debtor from any debt--

....

(5) to a spouse, former spouse, or child of the debtor, for alimony to, maintenance for, or support of such spouse or child, in connection with a separation agreement, divorce decree, or other order of a court of record or property settlement agreement, but not to the extent that--

....

(B) such debt includes a liability designated as alimony, maintenance, or support, unless such liability is actually in the nature of alimony, maintenance or support....

Both parties agree that the decision in this case is controlled by the dimensions of the terms: "in the nature of alimony, maintenance, or support."

A. The Influence of State Law

Congress did not define "in the nature of support." However, the legislative history indicates that "[w]hat constitutes alimony, maintenance, or support, will be determined under the bankruptcy laws, not State law." H.R.Rep. No. 595, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. 364, reprinted in 1978 U.S.Code Cong. & Ad.News 5963, 6320; S.Rep. 989, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. 79, reprinted in 1978 U.S.Code Cong. & Ad.News, 5787, 5865 (emphasis added). The legislative history further states:

This provision will ... make nondischargeable any debts resulting from an agreement by the debtor to hold the debtor's spouse harmless on joint debts, to the extent that the agreement is in payment of alimony, maintenance, or support of the spouse, as determined under bankruptcy law considerations that are similar to considerations of whether a particular agreement to pay money to a spouse is actually alimony or a property settlement.

H.R.Rep. No. 595, at 364, reprinted in 1978 U.S.Code Cong. & Ad.News at 6320; see also S.Rep. No. 989, at 79, reprinted in 1978 U.S.Code Cong. & Ad.News at 5865. The question, thus, is whether the obligation was assumed in lieu of support or constitutes a property settlement, and, as stated above, bankruptcy law, not state law, must control that characterization.

This is not to say that state law has no effect. Domestic law principles are particularly within the domain of the state courts, and Congress could not have meant that the bankruptcy courts were to ignore well-developed principles of state law. Long v. Calhoun (In re Calhoun), 715 F.2d 1103, 1107 (6th Cir.1983); Pauley v. Spong (In re Spong), 661 F.2d 6, 9 (2d Cir.1981). The district court in the present case correctly stated:

The bankruptcy law determination as to whether an agreement to pay is support or a property settlement will involve some of the same considerations as the state law determination as to whether alimony will be awarded. The focus, however, is quite different. A state court judge decides if a legal obligation to pay alimony should arise. A bankruptcy court judge is faced with a different situation, since in his case a legal obligation already exists. He must determine whether that already existing obligation is support or a property settlement.

Yeates, 44 B.R. at 578-79. State law provides guidance, but bankruptcy law controls the determination of whether a payment is for support or reflects a property settlement. Since state law only provides guidance, a debt could be in the "nature of support" under section 523(a)(5) even though it would not legally qualify as alimony or support under state law. See Melichar v. Ost (In re Melichar), 661 F.2d 300, 303 (4th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 927, 102 S.Ct. 1974, 72 L.Ed.2d 442 (1982).

B. The Correct Legal Standard

The "duty of support" test employed by the bankruptcy court is not appropriate. That test requires the court to determine whether the debtor owes his former spouse a duty of support under state law. Warner v. Warner (In re Warner), 5 B.R. 434, 439 (Bankr.D. Utah 1980). Although showing that the debtor owed a duty of support under state law at the time of the divorce may be some evidence that an obligation is in the nature of support under section 523(a)(5), state law cannot control. Rather, the initial inquiry must be to ascertain the intention of the parties at the time they entered the stipulation or property settlement agreement. Shaver v. Shaver, 736 F.2d 1314, 1316 (9th Cir.1984); Boyle v. Donovan...