Yowell v. General Tire & Rubber Co.

• Decision Date: 05 November 1971
• Parties: Albert C. YOWELL, Appellant, v. The GENERAL TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY, an Ohio corporation, doing business as General Tire Service, Respondent.
• Court: Oregon Supreme Court

Page 145

490 P.2d 145

260 Or. 319

Albert C. YOWELL, Appellant, v. The GENERAL TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY, an Ohio corporation, doing business as General Tire Service, Respondent.

Supreme Court of Oregon.

Argued and Submitted Sept. 9, 1971.

Decided Nov. 5, 1971.

Edwin A. York, Portland, argued the cause for appellant. On the brief were Charles Paulson and Gerald R. Pullen, Portland.

Ridgway K. Foley, Jr., Portland, argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief were Souther, Spaulding, Kinsey, Williamson & Schwabe, and James B. O'Hanlon, Portland.

Before McALLISTER, P.J., and DENECKE, HOLMAN, HOWELL and FORT, JJ.

HOLMAN, Justice.

This is a negligence action for damages resulting from personal injuries. Plaintiff appeals from a judgment for defendant based upon an involuntary nonsuit granted at the conclusion of plaintiff's case in chief.

Plaintiff was a sign builder, installer and repairer of 20 years' experience. Defendant was engaged in the tire business and was the possessor of property upon which there was a large, almost square, illuminated plastic advertising sign mounted at the top of a single steel pole. Defendant engaged plaintiff's employer to repair or replace the illuminated tubing in the interior of the sign. Plaintiff was sent to do the work.

The sign was hinged at the top and opened from the bottom where its two halves were bolted together. In order to get at the tubing inside, it was necessary to release the bolts on the bottom and to pull the front outward so that it would pivot on its hinges at the top.

A few feet below the sign which plaintiff was to repair was a second sign mounted on the same pole. This sign was composed of two wooden surfaces (one on each side of the pole) which were held in place by the compression of bolts which ran through both sides adjacent the pole squeezing them to it. The sides of the sign were boxed in so that the inside, where the bolts and the pole ran through, could not be seen. However, the ends of each of three sets of bolts were apparent immediately adjacent each side of the pole. One set was at the bottom of the sign; one at the top; and one in the middle.

Plaintiff took an extension ladder and placed both rails of the upper end against one side of the lower sign and immediately below the bolts which he had to unloosen in the upper sign. After climbing on the bottom rung, he bounced the ladder back and forth to see if the sign was solid. He then climbed the ladder until his head was even with the bottom of the upper sign. He unbolted the bottom of the upper sign and commenced to swing outward the side which faced him when the lower sign, against which his ladder was resting, commenced to turn on the pole and then to slide downward. As a result, the ladder and plaintiff fell and plaintiff suffered the injury of which he complains.

Plaintiff was injured in June of 1967. The lower sign, which gave way, was installed by another sign company for defendant in 1965. There was expert testimony from another employee of plaintiff's employer that the sign was not correctly installed because either it should have been bolted through the pole, or flanges should have been welded or bolted to the pole at each side and the sign attached to the flanges by bolts. If it had been so installed, it would have been impossible for it to turn and fall when a ladder was placed against one end of it. The expert also testified that all signs should be constructed so that they could support the weight of a ladder, as this was one of the usual means of repair.

Plaintiff charged defendant with negligence in three particulars: 1) in erecting and maintaining a sign which was not bolted through a flange connected to the pole; 2) in failing to inspect the sign and the pole; 3) in failing to warn plaintiff that the sign would slip and give way under his weight when a ladder was placed against it. At the completion of plaintiff's case in chief, defendant made a motion for an involuntary nonsuit on the grounds that there was no evidence of defendant's negligence and, in addition, that plaintiff was negligent as a matter of law. The motion was allowed.

Both parties assume that plaintiff's employer was an independent contractor which chose the manner and method of making the repairs in question. Plaintiff's employer was engaged in the construction, installation and repair of both wooden and electrical signs. Plaintiff's experience, however, was primarily with the manufacture, installation and repair of electrical, and not wooden, signs, as he was an electrician.

The basic contention of plaintiff is that he was upon the defendant's premises as an invitee to whom the defendant owed a duty to exercise reasonable care to provide a safe place to work. Defendant contends, first, that he owed no such duty of care to an employee of an independent contractor under the holding in the case of Warner v. Synnes, 114 Or. 451, 230 P. 362, 235 P. 305, 44 A.L.R. 904 (1925). Defendant also contends that even if a possessor of property normally owes such a duty to the employee of an independent contractor, defendant did not owe plaintiff any duty because the facts of this case fall within a well recognized exception to such a duty which is set forth in Annotation, 31 A.L.R.2d 1375, 1381--382 (1953) entitled 'Duty of owner of premises to furnish independent contractor or his employee a safe place of work, where contract is for repairs.' The exception is stated as follows:

'There is a line of cases supporting the proposition that, as an exception to the general rule requiring the owner or occupier of premises (contractee) to furnish a safe place of work to an independent contractor and the latter's employees, the owner or occupier is under no duty to protect them against risks arising from or intimately connected with defects of the premises, or of machinery or appliances located thereon, which the contractor has undertaken to repair.

'Closely related to the exception stated above is the rule that the owner is not liable for death or injury of an independent contractor or one of his employees resulting from dangers which the contractor, as an expert, has known, or as to which he and his employees 'assumed the risk."

Plaintiff, in turn, contends that this exception has no application where, as in this case, the defect which caused the injury is not the defect which plaintiff's employer was requested to repair.

First, we believe it is important to realize that two separate legal concepts are being intermingled. One is that of the duty owed to an invitee by a possessor of land; and the other is that of the duty owed by a contractee to the workman of an independent contractor who has been employed to perform services. See L. Green, 'Assumed Risk as a Defense,' 22 La.L.Rev. 77, 85 et seq. (1961). The term, 'invitee,' is used in relation to the duty of the possessor of land. The expression, 'a safe place to work,' is used in relation to the duty of one who contracts for services.

Warner v. Synnes, Supra, was a case in which the defendant had contracted with an independent contractor for the repair of a dock. Plaintiff, an employee of the independent contractor, was injured when he used a piece of defective rope which he had found on defendant's premises. The court held that the defendant was not responsible because the independent contractor alone was in control of the conditions under which plaintiff worked. We do not believe it is necessary to decide whether Warner is applicable to the facts of this case or whether, after almost fifty years, it still represents the law of this state. We will assume that, under the circumstances, a duty can be owed by one occupying the position of defendant to the employee of an independent contractor.

Regardless of whether defendant is to be viewed in its relation to plaintiff primarily as a possessor of land or as one who contracts for services, we believe the result in this case should be the same. We believe the result should also be the same regardless of whether or not plaintiff was injured as a result of the particular defect he was attempting to repair.

Plaintiff's employer, the independent contractor, held itself out to the public as...