Nomos Corp. v. Brainlab Usa, Inc.

• Decision Date: 04 February 2004
• Docket Number: No. 03-1364.,03-1364.
• Citation: 357 F.3d 1364
• Parties: NOMOS CORPORATION, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. BRAINLAB USA, INC. and Brainlab, Inc., Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Federal Circuit

357 F.3d 1364

NOMOS CORPORATION, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. BRAINLAB USA, INC. and Brainlab, Inc., Defendants-Appellees.

No. 03-1364.

United States Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit.

February 4, 2004.

Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied March 11, 2004.

Jerry R. Selinger, Jenkens & Gilchrist, of Dallas, TX, argued for plaintiff-appellant. With him on the brief were Timothy G. Ackermann; and Sharon A. Israel, Jenkens & Gilchrist, of Houston, TX.

Jay Reed Campbell, Renner, Otto, Boisselle & Sklar, LLP, of Cleveland, OH argued for defendants-appellees. With him on the brief was John J. Del Col.

Before MAYER, Chief Judge, GAJARSA and DYK, Circuit Judges.

MAYER, Chief Judge.

NOMOS Corp. ("NOMOS") appeals the judgment of the district court granting BrainLAB USA, Inc. and BrainLAB, Inc. (collectively "BrainLAB") summary judgment of noninfringement of U.S. Patent No. 5,411,026 ("'026 patent"). Nomos Corp. v. Brainlab, Inc., 239 F.Supp.2d 430 (D.Del.2003). Because we agree with the district court's construction of limitation (a) of claim 1, we affirm.

Background

In the context of radiation therapy, a cancerous lesion often shifts position between the time a treatment plan is designed and the administration of treatment. As a result, higher than necessary doses of radiation were historically required to ensure that the entire lesion was exposed. Unfortunately, the excess radiation also caused damage to healthy tissue. The '026 patent, which is owned by NOMOS, claims a method of fine-tuning the positioning of a patient during radiation treatment so as to maximize the dose to the lesion while minimizing the exposure of surrounding tissue.

The invention operates as follows: First, the position of the lesion is identified in a computerized tomographic ("CT") scan, from which a physician designs a radiation therapy plan. The patient is then placed on the treatment table of a radiation therapy device, such as a linear accelerator. Because the position of the lesion or the patient may have shifted, an ultrasound probe, which is disposed on the treatment table, is used to generate an ultrasound image of the lesion's new position. The ultrasound image is then compared with the CT scan. If the lesion has in fact shifted, the physician may adjust the treatment plan accordingly.

NOMOS brought suit against BrainLAB claiming that BrainLAB's ExacTrac device, which is also a patient positioning system used in the administration of radiation therapy, infringes the '026 patent. BrainLAB moved for summary judgment asserting, inter alia, that the ExacTrac did not meet limitation (a) of claim 1, a means-plus-function claim, which reads:

1. A lesion position verification system for use in a radiation therapy plan, for use with a radiation therapy device, for treating a lesion within a body of a patient, comprising

(a) a means for generating at least one ultrasound image of the lesion in the patient's body; and

(b) a means for indicating the position, with respect to the radiation therapy device, of the means for generating the at least one ultrasound image when the ultrasound image is generated, whereby the position of the lesion in the ultrasound image can be compared with a position of the lesion in the radiation therapy plan.

'026 patent, col. 12, ll. 7-19 (emphasis added). Specifically, BrainLAB alleged that the ExacTrac device utilizes a handheld ultrasound probe, while the means for generating the ultrasound image in the '026 patent must be affixed to the treatment table so that its orientation is maintained with respect to the axis of the treatment table.

After a Markman hearing, the district court construed the corresponding structure of limitation (a) of claim 1 as a "fixed ultrasound probe and a bracket or fixation device that maintains the ultrasound probe perpendicular to the treatment table and constrains it to rotate or move along the axis of the table in order to generate an ultrasonic image, and equivalent structures." Nomos Corp. v. Brainlab, Inc., 195 F.Supp.2d 606, 611 (D.Del.2002). The district court then granted BrainLAB's motion for summary judgment, holding, inter alia, that no reasonable juror could conclude that the ExacTrac device was an equivalent of the structure corresponding with the "means for generating at least one ultrasound image of the lesion in the patient's body."¹ Nomos, 239 F.Supp.2d at 436. The district court elaborated that while the ExacTrac and the "means for generating" limitation have identical function, each performs that function in a substantially different manner. Id. The district court also held that the doctrine of equivalents was inapplicable because there was no literal infringement of the "means for generating" limitation and the relevant technology was not after-developed. Id. at 437.

Discussion

"We review a district court's grant of summary judgment de novo." Caterpillar Inc. v. Deere & Co., 224 F.3d 1374, 1379 (Fed.Cir.2000). "Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Id. "When ruling on a motion for summary judgment, all of the nonmovant's evidence is to be credited, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in the nonmovant's favor." Id.; see also Stryker Corp. v. Davol Inc., 234 F.3d 1252, 1257 (Fed.Cir.2000).

We review the district court's construction of the "means for generating" limitation de novo. See Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. v. St. Jude Med., Inc., 296 F.3d 1106, 1113 (Fed.Cir.2002). Likewise, determination of the function and corresponding structure of a means-plus-function claim is reviewed de novo. Clearstream Wastewater Sys., Inc. v. Hydro-Action, Inc., 206 F.3d 1440, 1445 (Fed.Cir. 2000); Smiths Indus. Med. Sys., Inc. v. Vital Signs, Inc., 183 F.3d 1347, 1358 (Fed.Cir.1999).

The parties agree that claim 1 is a means-plus-function claim and is, therefore, governed by 35 U.S.C. § 112, ¶ 6. Thus, we must identify both the claimed function and the corresponding structure. See Micro Chem., Inc. v. Great Plains Chem. Co., Inc., 194 F.3d 1250, 1258 (Fed. Cir.1999).

The parties also agree that the claimed function of limitation (a) of claim 1 is "generating at least one ultrasound image of the lesion in the patient's body." They disagree, however, with respect to the determination of corresponding structure. NOMOS contends that the corresponding structure is an ultrasound probe and nothing more. To support this contention, NOMOS refers to the specification, which states, "Preferably the means for generating 420 an ultrasound image 421 is a conventional, commercially available ultrasound probe 422." '026 patent, col. 7, ll. 8-10. NOMOS further argues that the principle of claim differentiation prohibits including a fixation device in the corresponding structure of limitation (a) of claim 1 because dependent claim 3, which claims a "means for mounting the ultrasound probe to the radiation therapy device," would otherwise be rendered superfluous.

BrainLAB, agreeing with the district court's construction, asserts that the corresponding structure should include both an ultrasound probe and a fixation device that secures the probe to the treatment table. To support its argument, BrainLAB notes that throughout the patent the ultrasound probe is described as including a fixation device and that an ultrasound probe alone would be incapable of performing the agreed upon function.

We look to the specification of the '026 patent to determine the corresponding structure. See Smiths Indus., 183 F.3d at 1357. While we are careful to limit the corresponding structure to only that which is necessary to perform the recited function, Asyst Tech., Inc. v. Empak, Inc., 268 F.3d 1364, 1371 (Fed.Cir.2001), we keep in mind that "a means clause does not cover every means for performing the specified function." Laitram, 939 F.2d at 1536.

There are several sections of the patent that convince us that the corresponding structure should include a fixation device as held by the district court. The patent states "that the means for generating the ultrasound image may be an ultrasound probe, including a means for mounting the ultrasound probe to a radiation therapy device." '026 patent, col. 3, ll. 39-42 (emphasis added). This language indicates that the invention envisioned and claimed by the applicant included a fixation device that secures the probe to the treatment table. This is the only embodiment of the invention described in the '026 patent. As a result, the corresponding structure is limited to that embodiment, which includes a fixation device, and its equivalents. See Intellectual Prop. Dev., Inc. v. UA-Columbia Cablevision of Westchester, Inc., 336 F.3d 1308, 1319 (Fed.Cir.2003). Further, the patent consistently states that the ultrasound probe is to be "disposed on" or "secured to" the treatment table. '026 patent, col. 7, ll. 6-10, 14-22; col. 10, ll. 48-52. This is true even with respect to the language relied on by NOMOS, which is preceded by the following: "A means for generating 420 an ultrasound image 421 (FIG.7) is disposed on treatment table 404." Id. col. 7, ll. 6-10 (emphasis added). The patent further states that "Ultrasound probe 422, by means of any suitable conventional connection 423 is mounted so that it can be moved upwardly and downwardly with respect to bracket 423, so that ultrasound probe 422 may be...