State v. Buck, 365-79

• Decision Date: 03 February 1981
• Docket Number: No. 365-79,365-79
• Citation: 428 A.2d 1090,139 Vt. 310
• Parties: STATE of Vermont v. Floyd BUCK.
• Court: Vermont Supreme Court

Page 1090

428 A.2d 1090

139 Vt. 310

STATE of Vermont v. Floyd BUCK.

No. 365-79.

Supreme Court of Vermont.

Feb. 3, 1981.

M. Jerome Diamond, Atty. Gen., Edwin L. Hobson, Jr., and Claudia H. Bristow, Asst. Attys. Gen., and Eric G. Parker, Law Clerk (on the brief), Montpelier, and P. Scott McGee, Lamoille County State's Atty., Hyde Park, for plaintiff.

Valsangiacomo & Detora, P.C., Barre, for defendant.

Before BARNEY, C. J., LARROW, BILLINGS and HILL, JJ., and SMITH, J. (Ret.), Specially Assigned.

LARROW, Justice.

Defendant Floyd Buck, proprietor of a furniture store in the Town of Wolcott, was convicted below on two counts of hindering a civil officer in the execution of his office, in violation of 13 V.S.A. § 3001. The two counts were based on the same incident, involving two State Field Tax Examiners, one named Gray and the other Beeman. He appeals the convictions on several grounds, two of which we treat herein as dispositive of the appeal. The first ground is that the examiners in question are not civil officers within the meaning of the statute, and the second that hindering in the execution of their office was neither alleged nor proven.

Stripped of some of the more humorous aspects, it was alleged and proved (though not without some dispute) that the two examiners were in the second day of a tax audit of the defendant's business records, conducted by consent and centered upon records relating to sales and use tax receipts and exemptions. This was being done in a small windowless room in defendant's store, furnished by defendant and where the records in question were kept. Early on the second day, they had a somewhat heated discussion with the defendant's wife, the bookkeeper. The defendant, entering the room during this conversation, became incensed, remarked in very forceful language that he had no duty to furnish electricity, and unscrewed and removed the two light bulbs in the room. He then went out, slammed the door, and threw some bags of seat pads against it. The examiners replaced the records in the file, pushed open the door, and exited without ceremony, in some trepidation. They were not assaulted, nor were they threatened with any physical harm.

Defendant's first ground for his motion to dismiss, and for acquittal, is that the examiners in question were not civil officers within the meaning of the statute. 13 V.S.A. § 3001. That statute prohibits, as a felony, hindering an officer, executive, judicial, civil or military under the authority of the state, in the execution of his office. The defendant claims that the examiners are not state "officers", but merely employees, characterizing the two categories as mutually exclusive. He cites State v. McOmber, 6 Vt. 215 (1834), which struck down a conviction for hindering a person authorized by a justice of the peace to serve a particular process. McOmber, however, is clearly distinguishable as involving only an ad hoc designation for a particular purpose, without any intent or design to confer a status or position of any permanence. Likewise not in point is Kidder v. Wilson, 90 Vt. 147, 96 A. 750 (1916), involving a Burlington Water Superintendent without any governmental functions.

By contrast here, the appointments of Gray and Beeman were proved and were unchallenged. While no particular statute authorizes, in terms, their positions as such, 32 V.S.A. § 9701(2) defines the Tax Commissioner as including any officer or employee duly authorized (by delegation or redelegation of authority) to perform his functions. The Commissioner is appointed with the approval of the Governor and the advice and consent of the Senate. 3 V.S.A. § 2251. Powers which the Commissioner may delegate include the power to examine books and records, and to assess, determine, revise and readjust tax liabilities. 32 V.S.A. §§ 5865 and 9702(a)(6). The evidence established not only the appointments of Gray and Beeman, but their authorization to perform the audit in question. Examiners so delegated "possess and may exercise all of the power and perform all of the duties herein conferred and imposed upon the commissioner." 32 V.S.A. § 9702(a)(3). Employees in the popular sense they may well be, but when exercising the delegated powers of the Commissioner, as here, they are also officers entitled to the protection afforded by 13 V.S.A. § 3001, under which this prosecution was brought. Express statutory authority for the particular position is not required, but may be implied as necessary to effectuate the statutory purpose. In re Roberts, 111 Vt. 91, 93, 10 A.2d 1, 2 (1940).

That they are civil officers within the purview of the statute, however, does not necessitate the conclusion that the acts proven were hindering. We hold that they were not.

Only two acts are claimed to constitute the offense charged. The first is the removal of the electric light bulbs by the defendant, rendering the room in which the examiners were working fairly dark. The second is the placing (disputed) of the bagged material against the only exit door, which somewhat impeded its opening. Neither separately nor together do these acts violate the statutory provisions against hindering.

There is not a wealth of decided cases in this state dealing with interpretation of 13 V.S.A. § 3001. The State would interpret our law as requiring a showing of violence in only two instances. The first is to resist an unlawful arrest. State v. Malnati, 109 Vt. 429, 199 A. 249 (1938); State v. Mancini, 91 Vt. 507, 101 A. 581 (1917). The second is where an officer is wrongfully attempting to take property. State v. Miller, 12 Vt. 437 (1840). Any other use of force, it says, which impedes an officer performing his duty, is hindrance within the meaning of the statute. We do not so interpret the underlying basis of decision. We regard the test as being one of whether or not the respondent has a legal right to take the action which results in impeding the...