Kowalski v. C.I.R.
| Decision Date | 11 November 1976 |
| Docket Number | No. 76-1312,76-1312 |
| Citation | 544 F.2d 686 |
| Parties | 76-2 USTC P 9769 Robert J. KOWALSKI and Nancy A. Kowalski, Appellants, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Third Circuit |
Carl B. Cordes, Battle, Fowler, Lindstone, Jaffin, Pierce & Kheel, New York City, for appellants.
Scott P. Crampton, Asst. Atty. Gen., Gilbert E. Andrews, William A. Friedlander, Alfred S. Lombardi, Attys., Tax Div., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., for appellee.
Before ALDISERT and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges, and McGLYNN, District Judge. *
The central question for decision is whether amounts advanced to the taxpayer, a New Jersey State trooper, as a meal allowance may be excluded from his gross income. The United States Tax Court, in a split in banc decision, ruled in favor of the Commissioner. The taxpayer has appealed. We reverse.
The precise issue, albeit presented prior to 1954 when section 119 1 was added to the Code, was decided by us in Saunders v Commissioner, 215 F.2d 768 (3d Cir. 1954), in which we ruled in favor of the New Jersey State troopers and reversed 21 T.C. 630 (1954). Although not presenting the precise issue, Jacob v. United States, 493 F.2d 1294 (3d Cir. 1974), gave continued vitality to the Saunders rationale. Speaking through Judge Van Dusen, in Jacob we said:
Our position finds support in the so-called "state trooper" cases, in which courts have held that state troopers are entitled to exclude under § 119 the amount of cash allowances for meals taken at roadside restaurants. See United States v. Keeton, 383 F.2d 429 (10th Cir. 1967); United States v. Morelan, 356 F.2d 199 (8th Cir. 1966); United States v. Barrett, 321 F.2d 911 (5th Cir. 1963); Saunders v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 215 F.2d 768 (3d Cir. 1954); 6 but see Wilson v. United States, 412 F.2d 694 (1st Cir. 1969). While these cases are not exactly on point, 7 they nevertheless show that courts have focused primarily on the "convenience of the employer" test in determining whether an employee is entitled to an exclusion under § 119 and have construed the term "meals" broadly in order to give effect to the basic purpose and spirit of § 119. 8
6. Saunders, supra, involved facts arising prior to 1954 when § 119 was added to the Internal Revenue Code, but the reasoning of Saunders was followed in the above-cited post-1954 cases.
7. In the cases, the courts have focused principally on the meaning of the provision in Treasury Regulation § 1.-119-1(c)(2) that "the exclusion provided by section 119 applies only to meals and lodging furnished in kind by an employer to his employee." Despite this "in-kind" language, the courts have held that cash allowances for meals are excludable from the state troopers' income. The Commissioner argues that this "in-kind language nevertheless, precludes a conclusion in the instant case that groceries can constitute meals. We disagree. If the furnishing of cash allowances is properly excludable under § 119, then the furnishing of groceries, under the facts of this case, should be excludable also.
8. In Saunders, supra, this court stated, in considering the principles which had evolved prior to the enactment of § 119, that "the rationale of the rule should make it applicable to determine the extent of gross income either when . . . meals are furnished in kind or cash is paid in lieu thereof." 215 F.2d at 771. The court also stated that the convenience of the employer was the key criterion in determining whether the cash allowances were excludable. Id. at 772.
We have not been persuaded to depart from the position taken by this court from 1954 to 1974. We adhere to our reasoning in Saunders and Jacob and align ourselves with the Fifth, Eighth, and Tenth Circuits.
Accordingly, and for the reasons set forth in the dissenting opinion of Judge Sterrett in Kowalski v. Commissioner, 65 T.C. 44 (1975), 2 we will reverse the decision of the United States Tax Court.
* Joseph L. McGlynn, Jr., of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania,...
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