Turner v. Texas Instruments, Inc.

• Citation: 555 F.2d 1251
• Decision Date: 15 July 1977
• Docket Number: No. 75-3200,75-3200
• Parties: 15 Fair Empl.Prac.Cas. 746, 14 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 7679 William F. TURNER, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. TEXAS INSTRUMENTS, INCORPORATED, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (5th Circuit)

Page 1251

555 F.2d 1251

15 Fair Empl.Prac.Cas. 746, 14 Empl. Prac.

Dec. P 7679

William F. TURNER, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. TEXAS INSTRUMENTS, INCORPORATED, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 75-3200.

United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.

July 15, 1977.

Bennett W. Cervin, Stephen F. Fink, Dallas, Tex., for defendant-appellant.

Norman M. Bonner, Jr., Ft. Worth, Tex., Jack Greenberg, Marilyn Holifield, New York City, for plaintiff-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas.

Before WISDOM, GEE and FAY, Circuit Judges.

GEE, Circuit Judge:

This is an appeal from the district court's judgment that Texas Instruments, Inc. (TI) violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1), and the Civil Rights Act of 1866, 42 U.S.C. § 1981, by discharging William Turner (Turner), a black employee, as a result of racial discrimination. TI presents two points on appeal: first, that the trial judge erred in requiring TI to prove by clear and convincing evidence that it did not discriminate against Turner; and second, that the trial judge erred in holding that Turner proved by a preponderance that he was discharged because of his race. Both TI and Turner ask that we consider their arguments and the evidence adduced at trial and render judgment rather than remand. We oblige them by reversing the district court's judgment and ruling that TI did not violate either Title VII or section 1981 when it dismissed Turner.

In May 1970, Turner and three white employees, all workers at TI's Sherman, Texas, plant, returned from lunch away from the plant. While Turner parked his car, the other employees hurried to the plant to punch in on time. Two employees, Larry Gill and Larry Brown, reached the plant first. Brown punched in his card and that of Wilburn Burns, a white employee who was physically handicapped and thus came into the plant more slowly. Gill punched in his card and that of Turner. TI had a strict policy against an employee's punching in the time card of another or allowing another to punch in his. TI punished knowing violations of this policy by immediate discharge.

TI supervisors observed the employees' return from lunch, suspected that time-card violations might result, and investigated. Joe Lindsey, supervisor of Brown's and Burn's supervisors, talked with Brown. Brown admitted that he was aware of the TI policy and that he had punched in Burns' card but insisted that Burns had no idea of Brown's intention to do so and that he had punched Burns in as a gratuitous favor. Lindsey then talked with Burns, who admitted that he had been clocked in but denied that he knew anyone was going to do so. Lindsey recommended termination of Brown but continuation of Burns, because Burns had not knowingly violated the policy while Brown had.

Bob Mears, a different over-supervisor, dealt with Gill and Turner. After hearing that clock violations might be in progress Mears observed Turner as he entered the building. Mears reasoned that if Turner checked his card at the time clock he would be innocent of any knowing violation but that if Turner passed the time clock without checking it, then he was at least subject to suspicion. Unfortunately, Mears' acid test was based on the erroneous assumption that Turner's time card was in the rack; like many TI employees, Turner had left his card at his work bench deeper in the building so that his passage without checking the time clock proved nothing. Turner arrived at his work bench and noticed his card was missing. Gill then appeared, handed the time card to Turner and told him that he had clocked him in. Mears then approached and took the two into a nearby office.

In the office, under questioning from Mears, Gill admitted that he had clocked Turner in and stated that they had had an arrangement by which the passenger would clock in the person parking the car. Turner's response is a matter of controversy. Turner says that the meeting in the office never took place. The only meeting he recalls was one with all four employees, several supervisors and Don Adams of personnel. Mears, however, stated that in the office Turner admitted that he and Gill were punching each other in but that Turner claimed he thought the policy pertained only to starting time in the morning. Mears testified that at no time did Turner deny that he had knowingly allowed his card to be punched.

At the large meeting to which Turner referred, the four employees, Joe Lindsey, Bob Mears and Don Adams discussed the incident. All the employees admitted that a violation had taken place. Turner protested, according to the TI personnel, that he was unaware of the policy because he had received no employee handbook that explained it. After the four employees were sent from the office, the supervisors conferred and concluded that all but Burns had knowingly violated the time-card policy. Upon their return, the employees were told that all but Burns would be discharged. At no point in any of the foregoing events was the subject of race discussed. Turner brought suit.

The district court ruled that TI had discriminated against Turner because of his race. It found that Turner was telling the truth when he said he did not know of the policy and that he had not agreed that Gill was to punch in for him. It found no credible evidence to show plaintiff's involvement. Although the district court found that TI believed that Burns was unknowingly checked in by his friend, it further found Burns' failure to report the violation of the time-card rule just as suspect as the claims against Turner. It found no material difference between Burns and Turner except race. Examining evidence that two out of the eight employees discharged for time-card violations between March 26, 1968, and December 4, 1970, were black and that 8.6% of the employees at the Sherman, Texas, plant were black, it found that blacks were three times as likely to be discharged for time-card violations as whites. In applying these facts to the law, the trial court held that the plaintiff had established a prima facie case and that TI had failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that Turner was not discriminated against. The court therefore found that TI had discriminated against Turner.

The district court clearly erred in requiring TI to establish legitimate reasons for its actions by "clear and convincing evidence." In McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973), the Supreme Court delineated the burden of proof in individual employment discrimination cases: (1) the plaintiff must present a prima facie case of racial discrimination; (2) the employer then has the burden "to articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason" for his action; and (3) the plaintiff then has the burden of proving by a preponderance of evidence that the employer's reason was a pretext for discrimination. 411 U.S. at 802-05, 93 S.Ct. at 1825. See Causey v. Ford Motor Co., 516 F.2d 416, 420 n. 6 (5th Cir. 1975); Peters v. Jefferson Chemical Co., 516 F.2d 447, 449-51 (5th Cir. 1975). In our case, therefore, the discharge of Turner, a black, and the retention of Burns, a white, under apparently similar circumstances stated a prima facie case. See McDonald v. Santa Fe Trail Transportation Co., 427 U.S. 273, 280-285, 96 S.Ct. 2574, 2578-80, 49 L.Ed.2d 493, 501-02 (1976) (fact situation similar to this case).

Turner's statement of a prima facie case shifted to TI the burden of articulating legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for its action. It was not required, as the district court indicated, to present clear and convincing evidence of such reasons. We find no justification for casting upon the employer the extraordinary burden of proving his reasons by "clear and convincing evidence," the highest standard of proof applied in civil cases. ¹ Nevertheless, the nature of the burden the employer bears in the second step of McDonnell-Douglas is unclear in this circuit. In Peters v. Jefferson Chemical Co., 516 F.2d 447 (5th Cir. 1975), we suggested that the employer's burden is only one of production coming forward with legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for the plaintiff's dismissal. 516 F.2d at 450. In Pond v. Braniff Airways, Inc., 500 F.2d 161 (5th Cir. 1974), we indicated that the employer must prove his reasons by a preponderance of the evidence so that the risk of nonpersuasion on those factual questions lay on him. Id. at 167. ² To resolve this confusion, we hold that the employer bears the burden of proving the legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for his actions by a preponderance of the evidence. Upon proper proof of a legitimate reason for the employer's decision, the plaintiff then bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the articulated reason is a pretext for racial discrimination.

To rule otherwise would unduly limit a plaintiff's opportunity to respond to an employer's articulation of reasons. If an employer need only articulate not prove a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for his action, he may compose fictitious, but legitimate, reasons for his actions. The employer would have met his burden under McDonnell-Douglas, and the plaintiff would find himself attempting to prove that a reason without factual foundation presumed true was a pretext for discrimination. For example, an employer could articulate as his reason for dismissal that an employee had a poor attendance record when in fact the employee had a good attendance record. The employee's attendance record would be presumed to be poor, and the employee would have to show that his poor attendance record was not the real...