Maxwell v. Mason
| Decision Date | 23 December 1981 |
| Docket Number | No. 81-1033,81-1033 |
| Citation | 668 F.2d 361 |
| Parties | Bobby MAXWELL (Ahmid Latfee Jamal Ali), Appellee, v. Thomas K. MASON, et al., Appellants. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit |
Paul L. Douglas, Atty. Gen., Lynne Rae Fritz, J. Kirk Brown (argued), Asst. Attys. Gen., Lincoln, Neb., for appellants.
Jerry David Slominski, Lincoln, Neb., for appellee.
Before HEANEY and STEPHENSON, Circuit Judges, and OLIVER, * Senior District Judge.
Bobby Lee Maxwell, an inmate at the Nebraska State Penitentiary, brought this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 in the district court against Warden Robert F. Parratt, Deputy Warden Thomas K. Mason, Correctional Lieutenant Jerry Wright, and other employees of the penitentiary. 1 The case was tried to the court without a jury. Defendants Mason and Wright appeal the district court's 2 judgment against them which awarded plaintiff $1,400.00 in compensatory damages. 3 We affirm.
The district court dictated its findings and conclusions in the record at the close of the trial. It did not otherwise find the facts specially or state separately its conclusions of law. Nor did it file any written opinion or memorandum of decision. Both sides, however, apparently assumed in the trial court, and no question is presented in this Court, that the procedure followed complied with the requirements of Rule 52(a). 4
We have concluded, not without some reluctance, to decide the merits of the pending appeal rather than remand to the trial court to make findings of fact specially and to state separately its conclusions of law in accordance with the requirements of Rule 52(a). We do so for the reason that the requirements of that rule are not jurisdictional, see Swanson & Youngdale, Inc. v. Seagrave Corp., 561 F.2d 171, 173 (8th Cir. 1977), and because the record in this case "sufficiently informs the court of the basis for the trial court's decision on the material issue" presented, within the meaning of the rules stated in Finney v. Ark. Board of Corrections, 505 F.2d 194, 213 n.16 (8th Cir. 1974). 5
Appellants first contend the district court erred in equating confinement in undershorts with total nudity and in failing to evaluate the totality of the circumstances of plaintiff's confinement in concluding that it constituted cruel and unusual punishment.
The district court found the following facts: Maxwell was transferred to a solitary confinement cell in "C" Gallery on September 6, 1978 at 6:30 a. m. for violating a prison regulation prohibiting the covering of cell-lights. Confiscated upon the transfer was Maxwell's clothing other than a pair of undershorts and bedding other than a mattress. Maxwell remained thus confined until September 20, 1978, for a period of fourteen days. The district court found the deprivation of clothing and bedding to bear "no relationship whatever to any security measure under the facts of this case" and to amount to "an unnecessary infliction of pain." 6 The district court further found that such treatment was "wholly inconsistent with the current minimum standards of respect for the dignity of human beings." Although evidence was introduced by both plaintiff and defendants regarding the temperature in Maxwell's cell, the district court made no specific finding on that issue. 7
The record reveals, contrary to appellants' argument, that the district court properly evaluated all the facts and circumstances relating to Maxwell's confinement in "C" Gallery. It is obvious that the district court weighed all of the evidence in light of the fact that it dismissed plaintiff's claims of inadequate medical treatment, deprivation of due process and First Amendment rights, unsanitary food and unnecessary use of force. It is undisputed, however, that Maxwell was not suicidal or dangerous. The district court's finding that plaintiff's confinement as a punitive measure, in isolation, without adequate clothing or bedding fully supports its conclusion that an Eighth Amendment violation was established under all the facts and circumstances of this case. 8
Moreover, the district court properly emphasized its awareness that federal courts must tread warily in reviewing the administration of internal prison discipline, Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 527, 99 S.Ct. 1861, 1868, 60 L.Ed.2d 447 (1979), but noted that "it is equally clear that prisoners are not to be stripped and deprived of their constitutional rights when the prison gate shuts behind them."
Appellants direct this Court's attention to the following statement of the district court:
I find the evidence credible and I credit the evidence to the effect that this plaintiff, for fourteen days, was deprived of any kind of bedding other than a mattress or any clothing except some underwear shorts or pants, which the court finds would be the same as if he had no underpants or shorts. (emphasis added)
While this statement might give the impression that the district court based its conclusion solely on the fact that Maxwell was required to spend fourteen days in his undershorts, in the context of the record as a whole, that was clearly but one of the circumstances considered by the district court.
The district court expressly relied on Wycoff v. Brewer, 572 F.2d 1260, 1263 (8th Cir. 1978), wherein the following conditions prevailed:
(T)he inmate) was confined completely nude; the cell was or could be darkened; the inmate had no bedding or cover. While the cell contained a sink and a commode, in some circumstances the inmate was not provided with toilet articles or toilet paper. He did receive three meals a day and could help himself to water from the sink in his cell.
Although the inmate in Wycoff was denuded entirely, we agree with the district court that that difference, in the context of all the facts and circumstances of this case, makes no constitutional difference.
The plaintiff in Wycoff, was "a sociopathic criminal who is violent and dangerous and who is a strong man physically." He was confined in administrative segregation because he "engaged in assaultive conduct and destroyed or damaged state property." While there he "threatened guards, screamed obscenities, destroyed considerable property, and threw urine and fecal matter on guards passing by his cell." Finally, he was confined in the above described "strip cell" after he "destroyed his entire cell." 577 F.2d at 1264. Clearly his confinement under those rigorous conditions was for practical and not punitive or vindictive reasons. Id. at 1266 n.7. Cf. Kelly v. Brewer, 525 F.2d 394, 399 (8th Cir. 1975) () 9
This Court in Wycoff "condemn(ed) without reservation plaintiff's confinement under the conditions that have been mentioned," 572 F.2d at 1266, and stated that "today, confinement of a prison inmate in a cell under conditions described ... would unquestionably be held unconstitutional ...." Id. at 1263 n.5. 10
Appellants cite Novak v. Beto, 453 F.2d 661, 666 (5th Cir. 1971), reh. denied, 456 F.2d 1304, cert. denied 409 U.S. 968, 93 S.Ct. 279, 34 L.Ed.2d 233 (1972), in support of the proposition that conditions of solitary confinement will not support a finding of cruel and unusual punishment so long as the basic elements of hygiene are provided for. We do not agree that Novak supports such a broad proposition. Novak was a class action in which the entire system of solitary confinement of the Texas Department of Corrections was challenged as unconstitutional. The administration of solitary confinement there included provisions requiring inmates to be furnished "coveralls, a gown or some other form of clothing, i.e., tee shirt and undershorts, tee shirts and regulation trousers" and "the necessary number of blankets to keep them warm." 453 F.2d at 668. Under those circumstances, the court held the district court did not err in concluding that solitary confinement as administered by the Texas Department of Corrections was constitutional.
Moreover, it is clearly the law in this Circuit that clothing is a "basic necessity of human existence" which cannot be deprived in the same manner as a privilege an inmate may enjoy. Finney v. Arkansas Board of Corrections, 505 F.2d 194, 207-8 (8th Cir. 1974). Any deprivation of basic necessities takes on added importance where it occurs in a condition of solitary confinement. However, the reason for that resides not solely in the requisites of proper hygiene, but in that "the Eighth Amendment's basic concept 'is nothing less than the dignity of man.' " Jackson v. Bishop, 404 F.2d 571, 579 (8th Cir. 1968), citing Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86, 100, 78 S.Ct. 590, 597, 2 L.Ed.2d 630 (1958).
The district court's findings of fact in regard to the Eighth Amendment violation are not clearly erroneous.
Appellants present two questions in regard to the district court's award of damages. First, appellants contend the district court erred in ignoring, "without comment," the qualified immunity of prison officials established in Procunier v. Navarette, 434 U.S. 555, 98 S.Ct. 855, 55 L.Ed.2d 24 (1978). Second, appellants argue that the damages awarded by the district court were arbitrary and excessive.
Regarding the scope of the qualified immunity for prison officials established in Procunier, the Supreme Court elaborated as follows:
The official ... will not be shielded from liability if he acts "with such disregard of the (plaintiff's) clearly established constitutional rights that his actions cannot reasonably be characterized as being in good faith." 420 U.S., at 322 .... The constitutional right infringed by (prison officials) was clearly established at the time of the...
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