State v. Thomson
| Decision Date | 19 May 1994 |
| Docket Number | No. 60715-0,60715-0 |
| Citation | 872 P.2d 1097,123 Wn.2d 877 |
| Court | Washington Supreme Court |
| Parties | STATE of Washington, Respondent, v. Christopher Noel THOMSON, Petitioner. |
Norm Maleng, King County Prosecutor, Pamela Mohr, Deputy, Seattle, for respondent.
The Defendant contends the trial court erred in finding he voluntarily waived his right to be present after trial had begun, and then proceeding with trial in his absence. The Defendant argues the court should not have proceeded without finding that the public interest in proceeding outweighed his interest in attending. The Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court. We also affirm.
In November 1990, Appellant Christopher Thomson, and Codefendant Brock Rasmussen, were charged with one count of delivery of cocaine. On April 3, 1991, Thomson and Rasmussen appeared in court with their attorneys for several pretrial motions.
The next day, April 4, Thomson called the court to say he had car trouble and would be late. The court proceeded with additional pretrial motions. Thomson arrived at the court sometime before 12 noon. Jury selection began that afternoon but was not completed by the end of the day. The court continued the proceedings until April 8.
On April 8, Thomson did not appear in court. Thomson's attorney, Olson, told the court that Thomson had called Olson's office that morning and told Olson's secretary a medical emergency would prevent him from being in court that day. Thomson did not provide any further information or leave a telephone number where he could be reached. Thomson's mother, with whom he lived, had not heard from Thomson and did not know where he was.
The prosecutor moved to continue with the trial and requested a bench warrant. Olson asked that the bench warrant be delayed and requested a recess to try to locate Thomson.
After a brief recess, the court granted the bench warrant and decided to adjourn until 1:30 p.m. in order that Thomson might be located. Counsel for Rasmussen, Thomson's codefendant, indicated he was concerned about continuing the trial because Rasmussen was in custody and his speedy trial date had expired.
When court reconvened at 1:30 p.m., Thomson was still absent. The court made a finding of voluntary absence, stating that an additional 3 1/2 hours had passed without any indication where Thomson might be. The court decided to resume jury selection and continue with trial over defense counsel's objection.
The following day, April 9, Thomson was again absent and neither Thomson's mother nor his attorney had heard from him. Defense counsel's request for a continuance was denied. The trial proceeded, and the jury returned a verdict of guilty against both Defendants. Thomson called his attorney that same day, April 9, and learned of the verdict. He surrendered to police.
Thomson was present at sentencing on July 8, 1991. He apologized for his absence at trial without further explanation. On appeal, Division One of the Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment and sentence. State v. Thomson, 70 Wash.App. 200, 852 P.2d 1104 (1993).
The sole issue on appeal is what inquiry the court should use in deciding whether to proceed with trial when a defendant is voluntarily absent after trial begins.
The right to be present at trial derives from the confrontation clause of the Sixth Amendment and the due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. United States v. Gagnon, 470 U.S. 522, 526, 105 S.Ct. 1482, 1484, 84 L.Ed.2d 486 (1985) (per curiam). Our state constitution also provides "the accused shall have the right to appear and defend in person, or by counsel ... [and] to meet the witnesses against him face to face". Const. art. 1, § 22 (amend. 10). The state and federal constitutional rights to be present at trial may be waived, provided the waiver is voluntary and knowing. Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023, 82 L.Ed. 1461, 146 A.L.R. 357 (1938); State v. Rice, 110 Wash.2d 577, 619, 757 P.2d 889 (1988), cert. denied, 491 U.S. 910, 109 S.Ct. 3200, 105 L.Ed.2d 707 (1989). A voluntary absence after trial has begun operates as a waiver of the right to be present. Rice, 110 Wash.2d at 619, 757 P.2d 889 (citing Taylor v. United States, 414 U.S. 17, 19-20, 94 S.Ct. 194, 195-196, 38 L.Ed.2d 174 (1973) (per curiam)).
Similarly, the state and federal rules of criminal procedure require the defendant's presence at trial, but provide for continuing with trial despite the defendant's voluntary absence as long as the defendant was present when trial began. CrR 3.4(b) explicitly provides:
the defendant's voluntary absence after the trial has commenced in his presence shall not prevent continuing the trial to and including the return of the verdict....
See State v. Hammond, 121 Wash.2d 787, 854 P.2d 637 (1993) (); Crosby v. United States, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 748, 122 L.Ed.2d 25 (1993) ().
While it is clear that both the state and federal criminal rules authorize continuing trial after a defendant's midtrial flight, the Defendant contends a court should not exercise that authority unless the public interest in proceeding outweighs the defendant's interest in attending. The State, on the other hand, advocates retaining the current voluntary waiver approach for deciding when to proceed in the defendant's absence with a trial begun in his or her presence.
(2) [make] a preliminary finding of voluntariness (when justified), and
(3) [afford] the defendant an adequate opportunity to explain his absence when he is returned to custody and before sentence is imposed.
Washington, 34 Wash.App. at 414, 661 P.2d 605 (quoting State v. Staples, 354 A.2d 771, 776 (Me.1976)). The court will indulge a presumption against a waiver of the right. State v. LaBelle, 18 Wash.App. 380, 389, 568 P.2d 808 (1977).
The Defendant contends the court should adopt the approach followed by a number of the federal circuits, which is set out in United States v. Tortora, 464 F.2d 1202 (2d Cir.), cert. denied sub nom. Santoro v. United States, 409 U.S. 1063, 93 S.Ct. 554, 34 L.Ed.2d 516 (1972), and is known as the "complex of issues" test. United States v. Sanchez, 790 F.2d 245 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 989, 107 S.Ct. 584, 93 L.Ed.2d 587 (1986). Division Three of the Court of Appeals used the Tortora complex of issues test in State v. Hammond, 65 Wash.App. 585, 829 P.2d 212 (1992), aff'd on other grounds, 121 Wash.2d 787, 854 P.2d 637 (1993).
Under this approach, after finding the defendant's absence is voluntary, the decision to proceed without the defendant would depend upon a "complex of issues": (1) the likelihood the defendant would soon be present for trial; (2) the difficulty of rescheduling; and (3) the burden on the government in having to undertake two trials. Tortora, 464 F.2d at 1210. Unlike our current approach, the finding of a voluntary waiver would not be determinative. The trial court's discretion to continue after the defendant voluntarily absented himself or herself would only be exercised in "extraordinary circumstances" when "the public interest clearly outweighs that of the voluntarily absent defendant". Tortora, 464 F.2d at 1210.
In Hammond, Division Three applied the complex of issues test and concluded that the defendant's constitutional interests outweighed the public interest in proceeding on the scheduled date without the defendant. Hammond, 65 Wash.App. at 590, 829 P.2d 212. In doing so, the court emphasized Tortora was the "leading case concerning the propriety of commencing a trial in the defendant's absence, as opposed to merely continuing it". Hammond, 65 Wash.App. at 588-89, 829 P.2d 212.
That emphasis points out why Division Three's reasoning in Hammond is not persuasive here. The issue before Division Three was commencing trial in the defendant's absence, a situation that requires "greater care" in deciding whether to go forward without the defendant than a decision to proceed with a trial that has already begun. Hammond, 65 Wash.App. at 589, 829 P.2d 212. Division Three thus clearly restricted its application of the Tortora complex of issues analysis to the situation of beginning trial in the defendant's absence. When Hammond came up on appeal to this court, we decided the issue without discussing the Tortora approach. State v. Hammond, 121 Wash.2d...
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