BD. OF ETHICS & CONDUCT v. Lane

• Decision Date: 03 April 2002
• Docket Number: No. 01-1929.,01-1929.
• Citation: 642 N.W.2d 296
• Parties: IOWA SUPREME COURT BOARD OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND CONDUCT, Complainant, v. William J. LANE, Respondent.
• Court: Iowa Supreme Court

642 N.W.2d 296

IOWA SUPREME COURT BOARD OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND CONDUCT, Complainant, v. William J. LANE, Respondent.

No. 01-1929.

Supreme Court of Iowa.

April 3, 2002.

Norman G. Bastemeyer and David J. Grace, Des Moines, for complainant.

Mark McCormick of Belin Lamson McCormick Zumbach Flynn, P.C., Des Moines, for respondent.

STREIT, Justice.

An Iowa attorney passed someone else's writing as his own and claimed he spent almost two weeks writing that which he used. The Iowa Supreme Court Board of Professional Ethics and Conduct filed a complaint with our Grievance Commission against respondent, William J. Lane, alleging he violated several ethical rules and recommended we suspend Lane's license to practice law for three months. Our review is required by Court Rule 118.10. We agree with the Commission's findings of misconduct but suspend Lane's license for six months.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

After the conclusion of a trial in federal court in which Daniel Sicard claimed a violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act, attorney Lane submitted a post-trial brief to the court. The legal portion of the brief was in great part plagiarized from a treatise written by Barbara Lindemann and Paul Grossman. See Lindemann & Grossman, Employment Discrimination Law (3d ed.1996). Lane later applied to the court for attorney fees. Among other charges, Lane requested compensation for eighty hours of work spent to prepare the questioned brief. Charging $200 per hour, Lane asked for $16,000 to write the brief that was largely copied from an uncredited source. In total, Lane requested $104,127 in attorney fees plus $13,363.29 in costs for his representation of Sicard.

On May 5, 1998, there was a hearing on Lane's attorney fee application. The United States magistrate judge stated it did not appear to him that Lane wrote the legal portions of the brief. Lane responded, "I borrowed liberally from other sources. Yes, your Honor." The court noted,

[b]ecause of the consistency of style and the sequence of footnotes, the court assumes that [the brief] is from a particular source. If the source is a published treatise, it can simply be identified by name, author, and publisher.

To address this suspicion, the judge ordered Lane to explain or identify the sources cited in his brief within ten days. At the end of the ten days, Lane did nothing to comply with the court's order. On June 4, 1998, a member of the judge's staff asked Lane if he intended to respond to the order. Only days later, a fire at Lane's home destroyed many of his files and records in the Sicard matter. In July 1998, Lane closed his office, but continued to practice out of his home.

Four months passed and Lane still did not respond to the judge's order. On September 30, 1998, the judge entered an order awarding Lane $20,000 in fees in the Sicard case. The judge stated "there [were] many serious problems with plaintiff's fees and cost claim." The court was particularly concerned because Lane did not support his contention he was entitled to receive compensation at the rate of $200 per hour for his services. Lane also requested $9000 as compensation for the time he spent preparing his bill. The judge stated Lane requested $16,000 for the lifted brief but failed to comply with the court's order to "disclose the sources from which counsel `borrowed liberally.'" Lane also requested compensation for fifty-nine hours of legal research preceding the trial. The court concluded

it is not reasonable to bill 59 hours of legal research in the two weeks prior to trial.... If counsel spent this amount for time performing research, it is further evidence that he does not possess the skill and experience of those who charge $200 per hour.

The court further explained its reduction of the attorney fees awarded by citing to Lane's charges of $5.00 per telephone call, $1.00 per page of facsimile transmissions, $191 for long distance transmission, and $.50 per photocopy. Finally, the court stated Lane did not cite authority for the ability to charge for estimated pretrial travel expenses. Lane did not appeal the $20,000 award of attorney fees.

On October 30, 1998, Lane filed a compliance with the judge's order to document his sources but the judge was not made aware of the compliance until March 1999. When the judge read Lane's compliance he did not notice any reference to the primary source of the legal portion of Lane's brief. Lane's compliance constituted four pages of single-spaced lists of authorities. Among them was the Grossman treatise. However, no particular attention was drawn to this source. Consequently, the judge undertook his own investigation and discovered Lane took the legal portion of his brief verbatim from the Grossman treatise.

This complaint also involves Lane's representation in two separate and unrelated bankruptcy cases. The Ethics Board charged Lane with, among other violations, neglect of clients' legal matters, withdrawal from employment without taking reasonable steps to avoid prejudice to his clients and without promptly refunding unearned fees, and failure to seek the lawful objectives of his clients. The Commission found, and we agree, the Ethics Board failed to satisfy its burden to prove Lane violated any ethical rules in representing his clients in the bankruptcy matters. Therefore, we will only address the charges relevant to the Sicard case.

II. Scope of Review

This matter is before us on de novo review. Iowa Ct. R. 35.11(3). We give respectful consideration to the findings and recommendations of the Commission, but are not bound by them. Iowa Supreme Ct. Bd. of Prof'l Ethics & Conduct v. Sherman, 637 N.W.2d 183, 186 (Iowa 2001) (citations omitted). Misconduct must be proven by a convincing preponderance of the evidence. Id.

III. Complaint

The Ethics Board alleges violations of DR 1-102(A)(1), (3), (4), (5), and (6). This rule provides in part, a lawyer shall not

• Violate a disciplinary rule;

• Engage in illegal conduct involving moral turpitude;

• Engage in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit or misrepresentation;

• Engage in conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice; and

• Engage in any other conduct that adversely reflects on the fitness to practice law.

The Ethics Board also charges Lane with a violation of DR 2-106(A) which states, "[a] lawyer shall not enter into an agreement for, charge, or collect an illegal or clearly excessive fee." The Commission found Lane violated DR 1-102(A)(1), (3), (4), (5), and (6) and DR 2-106(A) by his handling of the Sicard case.

IV. Ethical Violations

Lane plagiarized from a treatise and submitted his plagiarized work to the court as his own. This plagiarism constituted, among other things, a misrepresentation to the court. An attorney may not engage in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation. DR 1-102(A)(4). This issue is akin to the matter of ghost-writing attorneys who "author pleadings and necessarily guide the course of the litigation with unseen hand." Johnson v. Bd. of County Comm'rs, 868 F.Supp. 1226, 1231 (D.Colo.1994),aff'd in part and disapproved in part, 85 F.3d 489 (10th Cir.), cert. denied sub nom. Greer v. Kane, 519 U.S. 1042, 117 S.Ct. 611, 136 L.Ed.2d 536 (1996). In this situation, an attorney authors court documents for a pro se litigant who, in turn, submits the court document as his or her own writing. This practice is widely condemned as unethical and a "deliberate evasion of the responsibilities imposed on attorneys." Wesley v. Don Stein Buick, Inc., 987 F.Supp. 884, 886 (D.Kan.1997); see, e.g., Iowa State Bar Ass'n Comm. on Prof'l Ethics & Conduct, Formal Op. 96-31 (June 5, 1997); Iowa State Bar Ass'n Comm. on Prof'l Ethics & Conduct, Formal Op. 94-35 (May 23, 1995); Duran v. Carris, 238 F.3d 1268, 1273 (10th Cir.2001); In re Ellingson, 230 B.R. 426, 435 (Bankr.D.Mont. 1999); Ricotta v. State, 4 F.Supp.2d 961, 987 (S.D.Cal.1998). See generally Trigon Ins. Co. v. United States, 204 F.R.D. 277, 292 (E.D.Va.2001). Just as ghost writing constitutes a misrepresentation on the court, so does plagiarism of the type we have before us.

Plagiarism itself is unethical. "Plagiarism, the adoption of the work of others as one's own, does involve an element of deceit, which reflects on an individual's honesty." In re Zbiegien, 433 N.W.2d 871, 875 (Minn.1988). Use of "appropriated material ... cannot go undisciplined, especially because honesty is so fundamental to the functioning of the legal profession...." In re Lamberis, 93 Ill.2d 222, 228, 66 Ill.Dec. 623, 443 N.E.2d 549, 552 (1982). Undoubtedly, Lane's plagiarism reflects poorly on both his professional ethics and judgment.

It was not difficult to find similarity between Lane's post-trial brief and the Grossman treatise. The legal argument of Lane's post-trial brief consisted of eighteen pages of plagiarized material, including both text and footnotes, from the treatise. In copying this material, Lane cherry-picked the relevant portions and renumbered the footnotes to reflect the altered text. Examination of Lane's brief does not reveal any independent labor or thought in the legal argument. See Alexander v. Irving Trust Co., 132 F.Supp. 364, 367 (S.D.N.Y.1955)

.

On the first occasion plagiarism became an issue, Lane appeared to be forthcoming with the court and admitted "[he] borrowed liberally from other sources." It also appears Lane attempted to identify the source of his writing before the court but was unable to recall the exact title of the treatise. Lane later had the chance to identify his source to the court, but when he responded to the court's order, he failed to specifically draw the court's attention to the Grossman treatise. Instead, Lane buried the title within a list of over 200 other sources. Though a technical compliance with the court's order, Lane's continued lack of candor indicates he hoped, by concealing the treatise among 200 other...