Driggins v. City of Oklahoma City, Okl.

• Decision Date: 27 January 1992
• Docket Number: No. 90-6267,90-6267
• Citation: 954 F.2d 1511
• Parties: Sylvia DRIGGINS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CITY OF OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit

Page 1511

954 F.2d 1511

Sylvia DRIGGINS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CITY OF OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 90-6267.

United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.

Jan. 27, 1992.

Gerald S. Rakes (James G. Hamill, Mun. Counselor, Oklahoma City, Okl., with him on the briefs), Asst. Mun. Counselor, Oklahoma City, Okl., for defendant-appellant.

Richard S. Strauss (Michael Avant-Pybas, Mustang, Okl., on the brief), Hochstadt, Straw & Strauss, Denver, Colo., for plaintiff-appellee.

Before MOORE, and TACHA, Circuit Judges and KANE, District Judge. ^*

TACHA, Circuit Judge.

The appellant, City of Oklahoma City (City), appeals from a jury verdict in favor of the plaintiff, Sylvia Driggins. The jury awarded Driggins $12,500 on her claim pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 that the City terminated her employment without affording her due process. On appeal, the City argues that the trial judge erred in submitting to the jury the questions of whether Driggins had a protected property interest in her employment and whether she received due process when she was terminated. We exercise jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and reverse.

BACKGROUND

Driggins was employed by the City of Oklahoma City for approximately six years prior to April 30, 1986, when she was terminated. She was employed as a Human Resources Specialist in the Human Resources Department. Driggins brought this § 1983 action against the City and claimed she was deprived of her property interest in continued employment without due process in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.

As a public employee, Driggins is entitled to procedural due process if she can show that she was deprived of a property interest. Derstein v. Kansas, 915 F.2d 1410, 1413 (10th Cir.1990) (citing Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972)), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 111 S.Ct. 1391, 113 L.Ed.2d 447 (1991). In a motion for summary judgment, and again during the trial, Driggins advanced three arguments in support of her claim to a property interest: (1) the city council, with authority from the city charter of the City of Oklahoma City ("city charter"), promulgated personnel policies that gave permanent employees the right to be terminated only for cause; (2) a mutual understanding existed between Driggins and the City that she would be a permanent employee and would be fired only for cause; and (3) Driggins--as an employee of a federally funded Comprehensive Employment & Training Act (CETA) program, 29 U.S.C. §§ 802-992 ¹--had a property interest by virtue of CETA's mandate that participating state and local governments adopt a merit personnel system.

The City maintains that Driggins is an at-will employee because the city charter provides that the city manager shall have exclusive control of personnel and that terminations shall be made by the city manager "solely for the good of the service" or in the "interests of the service." In its summary judgment motion and in its motion for a directed verdict, the City asked the judge to rule that Driggins cannot have a property interest in her employment in light of the express provisions in the city charter.

The City argues that the existence of Driggins's property interest should have been determined by the judge as a matter of law and that the judge erred in submitting the issue to the jury. On appeal, the City asks this court to rule that the existence of a protected property interest in employment is always a matter of law for the judge to decide. The City also argues that the judge, not the jury, should have decided whether the City's termination procedure amounted to a violation of due

                process.   We decline to adopt a broad rule that questions of a property right in employment are always issues of law for the judge.   We conclude, however, that in this case the judge erred in allowing the jury to resolve the disputed legal issue of whether Driggins could have a property interest in her employment in light of the provisions of the city charter.   Because we conclude that Driggins does not have a protected property interest in her employment, we need not decide whether the City's termination procedure violated due process
                

DISCUSSION

The jury instruction transcript reveals that the trial court allowed the jury to decide the legal question of whether a property interest could be created, based on any of the plaintiff's theories, in light of the express provisions of the city charter. The judge twice informed the jury of the City's position "that the city charter operated to negate any employee's property interest in employment with the City." The jury was also instructed that "[i]f it is mutually understood between the public employer and employee that the employee's job will continue indefinitely absent cause to terminate, the employee has a property interest in her job."

The judge told the jury to consider the totality of the circumstances as it determined whether the parties had a mutual understanding. The instructions provided that a mutual understanding can be created by "contract, federal statute, city charter, or personnel policies creating a sufficient expectation of continued employment." The judge also instructed the jury to consider "[o]n the one hand ... Plaintiff's expectations for permanent employment based on the circumstances and the City's personnel policies, while on the other hand weighing the City's claim that the Charter of the City of Oklahoma City gave the City Manager the right to terminate Plaintiff's employment 'in the interest of the service.' "

The jury instructions characterize the City's claim that the city charter deprives the plaintiff of a property interest in her employment as a factual matter for the jury to consider when evaluating whether there was a mutual understanding between the City and the plaintiff. The city charter empowers the city manager to discharge employees such as Driggins in "the interest of the City service," article IV, section 3(d), and "for the good of the service," article III, section 1. We hold that the judge should have determined the legal effect of these city charter provisions before deciding whether to submit to the jury the question of whether a "mutual understanding" existed.

The judge should have decided the legal issue of whether, in light of the express provisions of the city charter, a property interest in Driggins's employment could have been created based on any of her three theories. When a district court erroneously submits a question of law to the jury, we employ a de novo standard of review and address the legal question. Melton v. City of Oklahoma City, 879 F.2d 706, 726 (10th Cir.1989), modified on other grounds, 928 F.2d 920 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 112 S.Ct. 296-97, 116 L.Ed.2d 241 (1991). As a matter of law, we find that Driggins does not have a property interest in her employment with the City.

Driggins claims that her right to continued employment with the City constitutes a property interest protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. Such a property interest "exists if state or local law creates 'a sufficient expectancy of continued employment.' " Campbell v. Mercer, 926 F.2d 990, 992 (10th Cir.1991) (quoting Vinyard v. King, 728 F.2d 428, 432 (10th Cir.1984)). The existence of a property interest is "defined by existing rules or understandings that stem from an independent source such as state law--rules or understandings that secure certain benefits and that support claims of entitlement to those benefits." Roth, 408 U.S. at 577, 92 S.Ct. at 2709; see also Carnes v. Parker, 922 F.2d 1506, 1509-10 (10th Cir.1991). The "sufficiency of the claim of entitlement must be decided by reference to state law." Bishop v. Wood, 426 U.S. 341, 344, 96 S.Ct. 2074, 2077, 48 L.Ed.2d 684 (1976); see also Vinyard 28 F.2d at 432. Therefore, we must decide whether the Oklahoma Supreme Court would find a property interest under the facts of this case.

We have previously held that the terms of employment of an Oklahoma City police officer are controlled by the city charter. Graham v. City of Oklahoma City, 859 F.2d 142, 146 (10th Cir.1988) (citing Hall v. O'Keefe, 617 P.2d 196 (Okla.1980) and Goodwin v. Oklahoma City, 199 Okl. 26, 182 P.2d 762 (1947)). As an appointee of the city manager, Driggins's terms of employment in the City's Human Resources Department similarly are controlled by the city charter.

Article III, section 1 of the city charter states that "removals and demotions shall be made solely for the good of the service." Based on the Oklahoma Supreme Court's interpretation of similar language, we concluded in Graham that "under Oklahoma law, the Oklahoma City Charter is not sufficient to create a legitimate expectation of entitlement to continued employment absent cause for discharge." Id. (citing Hall v. O'Keefe, 617 P.2d at 198-201).

Driggins argues that her property interest derives not from the language of the charter itself but from personnel policies, adopted by resolution of the city council, that enumerate some of the circumstances in which permanent employees may be discharged. According to trial testimony, the personnel director drafted the personnel policies, sought and received the city manager's approval of the policies, and then presented the new policies to the city council. The city council, by resolution, adopted the personnel policies on March 1, 1983.

Personnel policies, taken alone, might be sufficient to create a property interest. Graham, 859 F.2d at 146. In Graham, however, we found that "[u]nder Oklahoma law, where certain terms of employee dismissals are explicitly stated in the city charter, the city manager or other city officials are not authorized to alter or otherwise restrict those terms so as to legally bind the city." Id. (relying on Umholtz v. City of Tulsa, 565 P.2d 15, 22 (Okla.1977)). Driggins fails to persuade us that our interpretation of Oklahoma...