Adams v. City Nat. Bank & Trust Co. of Norman

• Decision Date: 24 May 1977
• Docket Number: No. 50188,50188
• Citation: 565 P.2d 26
• Parties: 21 UCC Rep.Serv. 1026 Ladd M. ADAMS et al., Appellant, v. CITY NATIONAL BANK AND TRUST COMPANY OF NORMAN, Oklahoma, Appellee.
• Court: Oklahoma Supreme Court

Page 26

565 P.2d 26

21 UCC Rep.Serv. 1026

Ladd M. ADAMS et al., Appellant, v. CITY NATIONAL BANK AND TRUST COMPANY OF NORMAN, Oklahoma, Appellee.

No. 50188.

Supreme Court of Oklahoma.

May 24, 1977.

Velmer J. Dimery, Norman, for appellant.

Ben T. Benedum, Benedum & Benedum, Norman, for appellee.

PER CURIAM:

This case presents an issue concerning a conflict under the Uniform Commercial Code (U.C.C.) between the holder of a perfected security interest in an automobile and a subsequent buyer of the car. City National Bank and Trust Company of Norman, Oklahoma (Bank) commenced this action against appellant here, Ladd Adams, and Denny and Carol Clanton, seeking replevin of a certain Ford automobile.

The facts stipulated to by Bank and Adams are as follows. Peerson, owner of A-1 Auto Sales, (dealer) displayed the Ford in question on his used car lot for sale. Dealer assigned title to the Ford to Denny Clanton, one of his salesmen. Clanton used title to the Ford as collateral to secure a loan from Bank. The loan application showed Clanton to be a used car salesman. Bank properly perfected its security interest by timely filing. However, the lien was not recorded on the certificate of title. ¹ The Ford remained on the lot for sale.

Several days later Adams acquired the Ford by a cash purchase and took possession of the automobile. He was asked to return in three days to pick up the certificate of title. After the sale Clanton reassigned the title to dealer who on the same day delivered it to Adams.

Each party moved for judgment on the stipulated facts. The trial court granted judgment to Bank. The cause of action against the Clantons was dismissed without prejudice for want of service. Adams' motion for new trial was overruled.

Adams appeals to this court claiming he, as a stipulated "buyer in the ordinary course of business" ² (hereinafter called buyer), is entitled to the Ford, free of Bank's security interest by virtue of 12A O.S.1971 § 2-403(2) and Medico Leasing Company v. Smith, 457 P.2d 548 (Okl.1969). 12A O.S.1971 § 2-403(2), (3) provides:

"(2) Any entrusting of possession of goods to a merchant who deals in goods of that kind gives him power to transfer all rights of the entruster to a buyer in ordinary course of business.

(3) "Entrusting" includes any delivery and any acquiescence in retention of possession regardless of any condition expressed between the parties to the delivery or acquiescence and regardless of whether the procurement of the entrusting or the possessor's disposition of the goods have been such as to be larcenous under the criminal law."

Adams claims because car was entrusted to dealer, a "merchant who deals in goods of that kind," dealer had the power to transfer all the rights of the entruster to him as a buyer in the ordinary course of business free of the security interest of Bank.

Bank submits § 2-403(2) should not be applied to cut off a perfected security interest. Bank argues its security interest remained in the Ford despite its sale to Adams, pointing to 12A O.S.1971 §§ 9-306(2) and 9-307. § 9-306(2) states:

"(2) Except where this Article otherwise provides, a security interest continues in collateral notwithstanding sale, exchange or other disposition thereof by the debtor unless his action was authorized by the secured party in the security agreement or otherwise, and also continues in any identifiable proceeds including collections received by the debtor."

One of the exceptions "this Article otherwise provides" is § 9-307:

"Protection of Buyers of Goods. A buyer in ordinary course of business (subsection (9) of Section 1 201) other than a person buying farm products from a person engaged in farming operations takes free of a security interest created by his seller even though the security interest is perfected and even though the buyer knows of its existence." (Emphasis supplied).

Bank relies entirely on the "created by his seller" limitation of § 9-307. It claims dealer, who sold the car to Adams, did not create the security interest. Thus, Bank argues, § 9-307 has no application and § 9-306(2) requires the security interest to remain in the Ford after its subsequent sale.

An examination of authority from other jurisdictions as well as our own does not show a consistent or pragmatic approach to buyer-secured party disputes such as this. Section 2-403 and § 9-307 are intertwined in Judicial construction but their apparent conflicts are never satisfactorily resolved. Therefore we feel we must discuss the relationship of § 2-403(2) to this situation even though it is not the basis for our decision.

We will first examine whether the circumstances in which Mr. Adams finds himself are such as will invoke protection of his title through § 2-403(2).

In Medico Leasing Company v. Smith, 457 P.2d 548 (Okl.1969), cited by Adams, this court relied on the entrustment provision of § 2-403(2) to uphold the right of a buyer of an automobile from a car dealer to title and possession of the car in face of a replevin action by the original owner (entruster). There the owner who entrusted the car to the dealer had good title, unencumbered by a security interest. Consequently the buyer received "all rights of the entruster," which was an unencumbered title.

Adams would have us find Bank as secured party, entrusted the Ford to dealer by its "acquiescence in the retention of possession by the dealer under the above cited § 2-403(3) definition of entrusting. Hence Adams claims dealer would be clothed with the power to transfer unencumbered title to Adams as buyer and under Medico he would prevail. However Bank was not the owner of the Ford and could not be the entruster. For the purpose of Adams argument, Clanton, the title owner, rather than Bank, entrusted the Ford to dealer. Dealer, a merchant dealing in used cars, sold the car to Adams who was a "buyer in the ordinary course of business. " The requirements of § 2-403(2) are met and the sale to Adams is governed by this section. Under its language, dealer then had the power to transfer all of Clanton's (entruster's) rights to Adams. The transaction gave Adams the same title as Clanton, which was title subject to Bank's security interest. Bank's security interest is still intact under § 2-403(2).

Although Adams' claim does not fall within the protection of § 2-403, we do not wish to convey the impression that under no circumstances could a security interest be cut off by this section. The result depends on the quality of title held by the entruster. ³ We have found no authority dealing with the exact set of circumstances we have here but our analysis of § 2-403 is in accord with interpretation by other jurisdictions. ⁴

Under § 2-403 Bank's security interest is still unimpaired so if Adams is to be protected through the U.C.C., we must go to § 9-307. Bank's argument a security interest may not be severed in favor of a buyer if the security interest was not created by the dealer who sold the car has not been considered in Oklahoma. The most widely cited decision involving a security interest not "created by his seller," is National Shawmut Bank of Boston v. Jones, 108 N.H. 386, 236 A.2d 484 (1967). Shawmut was an action to replevin a station wagon purchased by defendant from a car dealer. The dealer had acquired the wagon from a private party. The private party had executed an installment contract for the purchase of the car which had been assigned to plaintiff Bank. Defendant otherwise qualified as a buyer in ordinary course of business but the court did not allow him to take free of the security interest. It held § 9-307 permits such a buyer to take free only of a security interest created by his seller. In Shawmut the security interest of the plaintiff Bank was not created by the dealer or by the dealer's salesman, from which he purchased the wagon. Rather it was created by the original purchaser, the private party who sold the car to the dealer.

The fact situation in Shawmut is one type of circumstance the " created by his seller" limitation is aimed at by the U.C.C. ⁵ It is illogical to believe when the codal redactors drafted this limitation they anticipated a buyer would not be protected from misrepresentation by a used car dealer or salesman who had manipulated an automobile title for his own benefit. Section 9-307 was generally designed to insure compliance by a retailer under an agreement with his inventory financer not to sell without financer's permission. If a retailer sells goods without the financer's permission, the financer's recourse remains against the non-complying retailer, not the buyer. ⁶

Under a strict construction of Article 9, the only way Adams as a buyer could receive the protection of § 9-307 would be for this court to find Clanton, as a used car salesman and owner of Ford was the actual "seller" who "created" the security interest, or if we would find dealer as "seller", "created" the security interest through his agent Clanton. Both of these circumventive tactics are exercises in legal gymnastics. Whether dealer or Clanton, his salesman, created the security interest should not be the controlling factor.

There is little doubt that under pre-code law in Oklahoma, Adams would prevail. ⁷ Adams calls our attention to a decision Redden v. Haley, 268 P.2d 270 (Okl.1954) decided prior to Oklahoma's adoption of the U.C.C. There a chattel mortgage was given by an automobile dealer to a mortgagee who thought the car was for the...