Adelman v. State

• Decision Date: 04 March 1992
• Docket Number: No. 747-87,747-87
• Citation: 828 S.W.2d 418
• Parties: Mirella ADELMAN, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee.
• Court: Texas Court of Criminal Appeals

Page 418

828 S.W.2d 418

Mirella ADELMAN, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee.

No. 747-87.

Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas En Banc.

March 4, 1992.

Ronald N. Hayes, Houston, for appellant.

John B. Holmes, Jr., Dist. Atty., William J. Delmore, III and Gladys Aguero, Asst. Dist. Attys., Houston, Robert Huttash, State's Atty., Austin, for the State.

Before the court en banc.

OPINION ON THE STATE'S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW

McCORMICK, Presiding Judge.

Appellant, Mirella Adelman, was indicted for the false imprisonment of Daniel Adelman, her 25-year-old, mentally ill son. See V.T.C.A., Penal Code, Section 20.02. She waived a jury, pleaded not guilty, and with the aid of an attorney represented herself at trial. After hearing evidence, the trial court found appellant guilty and assessed a sentence of 180 days' confinement. The judge probated the sentence.

Appellant challenged the sufficiency of evidence in the First Court of Appeals. She asserted that her conviction should be set aside, claiming that her conduct was justified under V.T.C.A., Penal Code, Section 9.63. ¹ The Court of Appeals agreed with appellant, found the evidence to be insufficient, and reformed the judgment to reflect an acquittal. Adelman v. State, 731 S.W.2d 143 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1987).

The State petitioned this Court for discretionary review claiming that the Court of Appeals did not review the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict when it found that the evidence was insufficient. The State asserted that "the Court of Appeals erred in basing its decision upon the evidence which supported the appellant's defense, rather than upon that which supported the trial court's finding of guilt. It effectively substituted its opinion of the weight and credibility of the evidence for that of the trial court." We granted the State's petition to review the Court of Appeals' holding and will now reverse.

Appellant was charged with illegally restraining Daniel by "force, intimidation or deception by using handcuffs and foot shackle." On the date of the alleged offense, Roger Berlin, a "consumer psychologist," met appellant at a lounge where she worked as a dancer. Appellant told Berlin that her son was schizophrenic and that she kept him in "a cage." Berlin asked to see the son. Appellant at first refused but later agreed.

When the two arrived at appellant's house, Berlin was allowed to enter the boy's room. Berlin described the room as a "horror story." The door to the room was constructed of heavy iron bars "like those found in a jail cell" and the window had bars covered with a metal grating. Other than toilet facilities, a mattress was the only furniture in the room. Berlin testified that the bedroom stank of urine and that "sperm stains" covered the rug. ²

Berlin saw that Daniel was wearing only a pair of "dirty undershorts" and he invited him out of the room. Once in the kitchen, Daniel poured himself a glass of orange juice, sat down and began to smoke a cigarette. Appellant became upset at Daniel for leaving his room, she demanded that he return. Daniel, however, ran into appellant's bedroom.

Berlin persuaded appellant to allow him to talk alone with Daniel. During this conversation Daniel told him that as a child he had been tied to a bed, whipped and raped by a woman who looked like appellant. When Berlin started to question Daniel about this "fantasy" or "illusion," appellant interrupted and ordered Berlin to leave, accusing him of being a "plant" from the insurance company.

Daniel pleaded with Berlin to take him away. Appellant told Daniel, "No, you're going to the cage." During the ensuing events Daniel made brief phone calls to two hospitals, seeking admittance. After appellant pulled the phone away, Daniel told her, "I want to leave now, I want to go back to the hospital. They can make me better, just let me go." Appellant threatened the boy by telling him, "if you want to be raped, that's fine, I'll call them right now ... They will come and take you down to the cell and you will be raped...." Daniel then displayed "momentary hysteria," but soon calmed down. A significant portion of Berlin's testimony is as follows:

"Q. [By State's Attorney]: Mr. Berlin, on October the 10th of 1985, when you went to the home of Mirella Adelman and Daniel Adelman, did in your presence, while you were in that home did Daniel Adelman destroy any property?

"A. No.

"Q. Did Daniel Adelman hurt himself, in any way?

"A. He was amazingly under control considering the circumstances.

"Q. And when I say hurt himself any way, did he take a gun and hold it to his head, did he take a knife and ... slash himself with it[,] did he take furniture and throw it on himself, did he hit his head up against a wall, did he throw his fist through a wall, did he go to the floor and start kicking up and down any means of hurting one's self?

"A. No. There was no aggression on that matter.

"Q. Did he hurt anyone else in the room, yourself, his mother, or the person known as Jack?

"A. He hurt nobody.

"Q. And what I mean by that is taking objects to them, throwing furniture at them, hitting them physically with any part of his body?

"A. He did not approach, he attempted to defend himself against the aggression of the other two in the room....

"Q. And when the handcuffs and foot shackles were placed on him, he was in the bed?

"A. Yes, he was in the bed.... He was flat on his back."

Berlin testified that Daniel laid trembling on appellant's bed when appellant produced a set of metal handcuffs and a pair of leg irons which were connected by a chain approximately one foot in length. Upon seeing the shackles, Daniel begged appellant not to confine him. Appellant, however, cuffed both of the boy's hands and shackled one of his legs. She then pulled the shackled leg up towards Daniel's stomach and chained it to the handcuffs. Because of the short length of the chain, Daniel was left curled in a ball-like position on the bed.

Appellant's friend, Jack Keena, watched over Daniel while she worked. Keena was there the night of the offense and witnessed the events. He testified for appellant but he too related that Daniel was not agitated prior to being restrained. And even appellant admitted in her testimony that on the date of the alleged offense Daniel was not violent or destructive before he was shackled.

Appellant challenged the trial court's verdict, claiming in the Court of Appeals that she believed it necessary to keep Daniel at home and that the boy had agreed to the system of shackling so as to avoid damage to the house. She asserted that even though Daniel was calm before he had been shackled on the night of the offense she wanted to guard against any sudden outbursts that might occur. Contrary to the trial court's finding, the Court of Appeals agreed with appellant and determined that her actions were justified.

In its opinion, the Court of Appeals, referring to Section 2.03 of the Penal Code determined that "[i]f the evidence raises an issue of justification concerning a guardians's use of force, a reasonable doubt on the issue requires that the guardian be acquitted." Adelman v. State, 731 S.W.2d 143, 144 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1987). From this premise, the Court of Appeals concluded that "the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the guardian had no reasonable belief that the force used was necessary for the incompetent's welfare." Id. This is incorrect.

Having contested the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal, the Court of Appeals should have determined "whether, after viewing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact would have found the essential elements of [the offense] beyond a reasonable doubt and also would have found against appellant on the [defensive] issue beyond a reasonable doubt." Saxton v. State, 804 S.W.2d 910 (Tex.Cr.App.1991). ³ The trier of fact--not the appellate court--was called upon to decide if appellant's actions were justified under the Penal Code. See Saxton, 804 S.W.2d at 913-914. And the trier of fact--not the appellate court--was free to accept or reject all or any portion of any witness's testimony. See Jenkins v. State, 740 S.W.2d 435, 438 (Tex.Cr.App.1983); Silva v. State, 546 S.W.2d 618 (Tex.Cr.App.1977); Sloan v. State, 515 S.W.2d 913, 918 (Tex.Cr.App.1974). ⁴

In the case before us, the trier of fact (the trial court judge), by finding appellant guilty, implicitly rejected appellant's defense. See Saxton, 804 S.W.2d at 914; Jenkins, 740 S.W.2d at 438. After conviction, it becomes the Court of Appeals' duty to determine if the explicit and implicit findings by the trier of fact are rational under legal standards to support that conviction. The Court of Appeals does this by evaluating the evidence in the light most favorable to the trier of fact's determinations. When viewed in the light most favorable to the implicit rejection of appellant's defense, we find that there is sufficient evidence in the case before us.

Section 9.63 of the Penal Code provides that:

"The use of force, but not deadly force, against a mental incompetent is justified: (1) if the actor is the incompetent's guardian or someone similarly responsible for the general care and supervision of the incompetent; and (2) when and to the degree the actor reasonably believes the force is necessary: (A) to safeguard and promote the incompetent's welfare; or (B) if the incompetent is in an institution for his care and custody, to maintain discipline in the institution."

Section 1.07(a)(31) of the Penal Code defines the term "reasonable belief" as "a belief that would be held by an ordinary and prudent man in the same circumstances as the actor." The record shows that at the time of his confinement Daniel was not violent. Even appellant and one of her own witnesses testified that Daniel was calm. ⁵ State's witness Berlin testified that the...